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Physical Review Letters

Absolute Polarization Measurement Using a Vector Light Shift

Kunyan Zhu, Neal Solmeyer, Cheng Tang, David S. Weiss

Published Dec 12, 2013• 28 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We have measured the vector light shift due to a cavity built-up optical lattice by using a variation of the Hanle effect with trapped Cs atoms, where the time-evolving population of all magnetic sublevels is measured in situ. The measurement is linearly sensitive to the electric field of the nonlinearly polarized light, which allows unprecedented sensitivity to absolute linear polarization quality, to the level of 10(-10) in fractional intensity. Our approach to measuring and improving linear polarization can be applied to electron electric dipole moment searches, optical lattice clocks, magnetometery, and quantum computing.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.111.243006

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We have measured the vector light shift due to a cavity built-up optical lattice by using a variation of the Hanle effect with trapped Cs atoms, where the time-evolving population of all magnetic sublevels is measured in situ. The measurement is linearly sensitive to the electric field of the nonlinearly polarized light, which allows unprecedented sensitivity to absolute linear polarization quality, to the level of 10(-10) in fractional intensity. Our approach to measuring and improving linear polarization can be applied to electron electric dipole moment searches, optical lattice clocks, magnetometery, and quantum computing.
We demonstrate an all-optical magnetometer capable of measuring the magnitude and direction of a magnetic field using nonlinear magneto-optical rotation in cesium vapor. Vector capability is added by effective modulation of the field along orthogonal axes and subsequent demodulation of the magnetic-resonance frequency. This modulation is provided by the ac Stark shift induced by circularly polarized laser beams. The sensor exhibits a demonstrated rms noise floor of $\ensuremath{\sim}65\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{fT}/\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$ in measurement of the field magnitude and 0.5  mrad/Hz0.5\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{mrad}/\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}0.5  mrad/Hz​ in the field direction; elimination of technical noise would improve these sensitivities to 12  fT/Hz12\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{fT}/\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}12  fT/Hz​ and $10\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{rad}/\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$, respectively. Applications for this all-optical vector magnetometer would include magnetically sensitive fundamental physics experiments, such as the search for a permanent electric dipole moment of the neutron.
We use differential Ramsey interferometry of ultracold atoms to characterize the vector light shift (VLS) from a far-off-resonance optical dipole trap at $\ensuremath{\lambda}=1064$ nm. The VLS manifests as a ``fictitious'' magnetic field, which we perceive as a change in the Larmor frequency of two spinor condensates exposed to different intensities of elliptically polarized light. We use our measurement scheme to diagnose the light-induced magnetic field and suppress it to $2.1(8)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ of its maximum value by making the trapping light linearly polarized with a quarter-wave plate in each beam. Our sensitive measurement of the VLS-induced field demonstrates high-precision, in vacuo interferometric polarimetry of dipole-trapping light and can be adapted to measure vector shifts from other lasers, advancing the application of optically trapped atoms to precision metrology.
We demonstrate detection of a vector light shift (VLS) using the quantum lock-in method. The method offers precise VLS measurement with little affect from real magnetic field fluctuation. We detect a VLS on a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) of 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb atoms caused by an optical trap beam with a resolution less than 1 Hz. We demonstrate the elimination of a VLS by controlling the beam polarization to realize a long coherence time of an F=2F=2F=2 BEC in the stretched state. Quantum lock-in VLS detection should find wide application, including the study of spinor BECs, electric dipole moment searches, and precise magnetometry.
We demonstrate an all-optical magnetometer capable of measuring the magnitude and direction of a magnetic field using nonlinear magneto-optical rotation in a cesium vapor. Vector capability is added by effective modulation of the field along orthogonal axes and subsequent demodulation of the magnetic-resonance frequency. This modulation is provided by the AC Stark shift induced by circularly polarized laser beams. The sensor exhibits a demonstrated rms noise floor of 50 fT/ √ Hz in measurement of the field magnitude and 0.5 mrad/ √ Hz in the field direction; elimination of technical noise would improve these sensitivities to 12 fT/ √ Hz and 5 μrad/ √ Hz, respectively. Applications for a precise all-optical vector magnetometer would include magnetically sensitive fundamental physics experiments, such as the search for a permanent electric dipole moment of the neutron.
We experimentally investigate the lattice-induced light shift by the electric-quadrupole (E2) and magnetic-dipole (M1) polarizabilities and the hyperpolarizability in Sr optical lattice clocks. Precise control of the axial as well as the radial motion of atoms in a one-dimensional lattice allows observing the E2-M1 polarizability difference. Measured polarizabilities determine an operational lattice depth to be 72(2)E_{R}, where the total light shift cancels to the 10^{-19} level, over a lattice-intensity variation of about 30%. This operational trap depth and its allowable intensity range conveniently coincide with experimentally feasible operating conditions for Sr optical lattice clocks.