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Physical Review A

Quantum repeater based on spatial entanglement of photons and quantum-dot spins in optical microcavities

Tie-Jun Wang, Siyu Song, Gui Lu Long

Published Jun 12, 2012• 203 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present an efficient quantum repeater protocol that uses coupled systems of quantum-dot spins and optical microcavities, in which the spatial entanglement of a photon system can be converted into polarization entanglement of electron spins. The bit-flip and phase-flip errors on the polarization state of each qubit caused by noisy channels can be rejected, without resorting to additional qubits. Two remote parties can obtain the maximally entangled electron-spin state and store it deterministically after the transmission of photons, independent of the noise parameters. The transmission distance of photons will not be limited by the coherence time of memory units in the present protocol, unlike the previous atomic-ensemble-based quantum repeater protocols, and it can be applied directly in long-distance quantum-communication protocols.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.85.062311

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We present an efficient quantum repeater protocol that uses coupled systems of quantum-dot spins and optical microcavities, in which the spatial entanglement of a photon system can be converted into polarization entanglement of electron spins. The bit-flip and phase-flip errors on the polarization state of each qubit caused by noisy channels can be rejected, without resorting to additional qubits. Two remote parties can obtain the maximally entangled electron-spin state and store it deterministically after the transmission of photons, independent of the noise parameters. The transmission distance of photons will not be limited by the coherence time of memory units in the present protocol, unlike the previous atomic-ensemble-based quantum repeater protocols, and it can be applied directly in long-distance quantum-communication protocols.
We propose a heralded quantum repeater protocol based on the general interface between the circularly polarized photon and the quantum dot embedded in a double-sided optical microcavity. Our effective time-bin encoding on photons results in the deterministic faithful entanglement distribution with one optical fiber for the transmission of each photon in our protocol, not two or more. Our efficient parity-check detector implemented with only one input-output process of a single photon as a result of cavity quantum electrodynamics makes the entanglement channel extension and entanglement purification in quantum repeater far more efficient than others, and it has the potential application in fault-tolerant quantum computation as well. Meanwhile, the deviation from a collective-noise channel leads to some phase-flip errors on the nonlocal electron spins shared by the parties and these errors can be depressed by our simplified entanglement purification process. Finally, we discuss the performance of our proposal, concluding that it is feasible with current technology.
Quantum repeater is one of the important building blocks for long distance quantum communication network. The previous quantum repeaters based on atomic ensembles and linear optical elements can only be performed with a maximal success probability of 1/2 during the entanglement creation and entanglement swapping procedures. Meanwhile, the polarization noise during the entanglement distribution process is harmful to the entangled channel created. Here we introduce a general interface between a polarized photon and an atomic ensemble trapped in a single-sided optical cavity, and with which we propose a high-efficiency quantum repeater protocol in which the robust entanglement distribution is accomplished by the stable spatial-temporal entanglement and it can in principle create the deterministic entanglement between neighboring atomic ensembles in a heralded way as a result of cavity quantum electrodynamics. Meanwhile, the simplified parity-check gate makes the entanglement swapping be completed with unity efficiency, other than 1/2 with linear optics. We detail the performance of our protocol with current experimental parameters and show its robustness to the imperfections, i.e., detuning and coupling variation, involved in the reflection process. These good features make it a useful building block in long distance quantum communication.
Inspired by recent developments in the control and manipulation of quantum dot nuclear spins, which allow for the transfer of an electron spin state to the surrounding nuclear-spin ensemble for storage, we propose a quantum repeater scheme that combines individual quantum dot electron spins and nuclear-spin ensembles, which serve as spin-photon interfaces and quantum memories respectively. We consider the use of low-strain quantum dots embedded in high-cooperativity optical microcavities. Quantum dot nuclear-spin ensembles allow for the long-term storage of entangled states, and heralded entanglement swapping is performed using cavity-assisted gates. We highlight the advances in quantum dot technologies required to realize our quantum repeater scheme which promises the establishment of high-fidelity entanglement over long distances with a distribution rate exceeding that of the direct transmission of photons.
We investigate an efficient quantum repeater protocol based on quantum dots (QDs) and optical microcavity coupled systems. The proposed system can be used for long-distance quantum entanglement distribution, exploiting the interaction between single photons and QDs embedded in optical microcavities. We present the entanglement generation and entanglement swapping modules with QDs in microcavity systems and generalize it to quantum repeaters. The utilization of QDs and coupled cavities leads to a high success probability for the generation of entanglement. By using current and near future technology, entanglement with a high fidelity can be achieved and robust quantum communication over long-distance channels is feasible.
We present a quantum repeater architecture based on atomic ensembles, which is free of polarization and phase noise. With only simple optical elements, we can obtain the uncorrupted entanglement in the noisy channel. Even if the channel suffers from the general polarization and phase noise, the fidelity of transmitted qubits in our protocol can be stable and have no dependence on the noise parameter, which is a significant advantage compared with previous protocols. Moveover, we can even improve the fidelity by using time delayers. The proposed quantum repeater is feasible and useful in the long-distance quantum entanglement distribution and may be promising in other quantum-information applications.
Quantum repeaters hold the promise to prevent the photon losses in communication channels. Most recently, the serious efforts have been applied to achieve scalable distribution of entanglement over long distances. However, the probabilistic nature of entanglement generation and realistic quantum memory storage times make the implementation of quantum repeaters an outstanding experimental challenge. We propose a quantum repeater protocol based on the deterministic storage of a single photon in atomic ensembles confined in distant high-finesse cavities and show that this system is capable of distributing the entanglement over long distances with a much higher rate as compared to previous protocols, thereby alleviating the limitations on the quantum memory lifetime by several orders of magnitude. Our scheme is robust with respect to phase fluctuations in the quantum channel, while the fidelity imperfection is fixed and negligibly small at each step of entanglement swapping.