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Frontiers in Optics

Deterministic Creation and Strong Purcell Enhancement of Long-lived Nitrogen-Vacancy Spin Qubits in Diamond Photonic Crystal Cavities

Tim Schröder, Luozhou Li, Edward H. Chen, Michael E. Walsh, Igal Bayn, Jordan A. Goldstein, Ophir Gaathon, Matthew E. Trusheim, Ming Chang Lu, Jacob Mower, Mircea Cotlet, Matthew Markham, Daniel J. Twitchen, Dirk Englund

Published Jan 1, 2014• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We demonstrate the deterministic creation of nitrogen-vacancy spin qubits at the mode maximum of diamond photonic crystal cavities, enhancement of the zero-phonon-line spontaneous emission rate greater than 60, and NV spin phase coherence times exceeding 200µs.
DOI
10.1364/fio.2014.ftu1a.2

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The negatively charged nitrogen vacancy center (NV) in diamond has generated significant interest as a platform for quantum information processing and sensing in the solid state. For most applications, high quality optical cavities are required to enhance the NV zero-phonon line (ZPL) emission. An outstanding challenge in maximizing the degree of NV-cavity coupling is the deterministic placement of NVs within the cavity. Here, we report photonic crystal nanobeam cavities coupled to NVs incorporated by a delta-doping technique that allows nanometer-scale vertical positioning of the emitters. We demonstrate cavities with Q up to ∼24 000 and mode volume V ∼ 0.47(λ/n)3 as well as resonant enhancement of the ZPL of an NV ensemble with Purcell factor of ∼20. Our fabrication technique provides a first step towards deterministic NV-cavity coupling using spatial control of the emitters.
The realisation of an efficient spin-photon interface using the negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy centre (NV-) in diamond requires the resonant coupling of the zero phonon line (ZPL) of the centre to an optical microcavity [1]. The cavity serves to encourage emission into the ZPL in preference to the phonon sidebands, and potentially also to increase the homogeneous linewidth via a reduction of the lifetime (the Purcell effect) thus assisting in the generation of indistinguishable photons. Cavity coupling thus has potential to improve by orders of magnitude the speed with which entanglement can be created between spatially remote NV- centres [2], and to enable other mechanisms for realising spin-photon interfaces via non-demolition measurements [3].
A key requirement for many applications in solid-state quantum sciences is a high fluence of indistinguishable photons. The spontaneous emission of these photons is governed by the coupling of an excited quantum system to electromagnetic vacuum fluctuations. In our experiment, we enhance this coupling by engineering a tunable Fabry-Perot microcavity. The quantum system we study is the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond, a workhorse for quantum science and engineering, due to its optical transitions and the coherent electron spin system it hosts. Our device consists of a high-quality, nano-fabricated, single-crystalline diamond membrane bonded to a planar mirror; the cavity is completed by a second, concave mirror. Using piezo positioners, we achieve full spectral and spatial tunability and freedom in selecting NVs with favorable emission properties in our low-temperature (4 Kelvin) experiments. Upon tuning of the cavity into resonance, we find significant enhancement of the 637 nm zero phonon line for several individual NVs which is accompanied by a strong reduction of the overall photoluminescence (PL) lifetime. We infer a 30-fold enhancement of the zero-phonon transition rate at best. The fraction of the PL emission associated to this resonant transition is thereby increased from 3% to 46%. Our results constitute a significant leap on the route towards the implementation of fast long-distance quantum networks, which are currently limited by the photon emission rate in their nodes. Furthermore, our versatile design is readily applicable to other solid-state quantum emitters like color centers in silicon carbide.
We demonstrate a self-aligned lithographic technique for precision generation of nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers within photonic nanostructures on bulk diamond substrates. The process relies on a lithographic mask with nanoscale implantation apertures for NV creation, together with larger features for producing waveguides and photonic nanocavities. This mask allows targeted nitrogen ion implantation, and precision dry etching of nanostructures on bulk diamond. We demonstrate high-yield generation of single NVs at pre-determined nanoscale target regions on suspended diamond waveguides. We report implantation into the mode maximum of diamond photonic crystal nanocavities with a single-NV per cavity yield of ∼26% and Purcell induced intensity enhancement of the zero-phonon line. The generation of NV centers aligned with diamond photonic structures marks an important tool for scalable production of optically coupled spin memories.
We present the controlled creation of single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers via ion implantation at the center of a photonic crystal cavity which is fabricated in an ultrapure, single crystal diamond membrane. High-resolution placement of NV centers is achieved using collimation of a 5 keV-nitrogen ion beam through a pierced tip of an atomic force microscope. We demonstrate coupling of the implanted NV centers' broad band fluorescence to a cavity mode and observe Purcell enhancement of the spontaneous emission. The results are in good agreement with a master equation model for the cavity coupling.