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Design and Characterization of a Custom Aspheric Lens System for Single Atom Imaging

Matthew Briel

Published Jan 1, 2012• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

We designed an optical imaging system compromising a pair of custom aspheric lenses for the purpose of making a continuous position measurement of a single rubidium atom in a dipole trap. The lens profiles were determined with optimization and ray-tracing programs written in Fortran. The lenses were produced by Optimax Systems and found to perform as predicted, imaging a point source to a minimal spot size along a wide range of emitter positions.

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We designed an optical imaging system compromising a pair of custom aspheric lenses for the purpose of making a continuous position measurement of a single rubidium atom in a dipole trap. The lens profiles were determined with optimization and ray-tracing programs written in Fortran. The lenses were produced by Optimax Systems and found to perform as predicted, imaging a point source to a minimal spot size along a wide range of emitter positions.
We present an optical system designed to capture and observe a single neutral atom in an optical dipole trap, created by focusing a laser beam using a large-numerical-aperture (NA=0.5)(\mathrm{NA}=0.5)(NA=0.5) aspheric lens. We experimentally evaluate the performance of the optical system and show that it is diffraction limited over a broad spectral range $(\ensuremath{\sim}200\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})$ with a large transverse field $(\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}25\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m})$. The optical tweezer created at the focal point of the lens is able to trap single atoms of 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb and to detect them individually with a large collection efficiency. We measure the oscillation frequency of the atom in the dipole trap and use this value as an independent determination of the waist of the optical tweezer. Finally, we produce with the same lens two dipole traps separated by $2.2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ and show that the imaging system can resolve the two atoms.
Abstract The trapping of single atoms in optical dipole traps is widely used in experiments on the implementation of quantum processors based on neutral atoms, and studying interatomic interactions. Typically, such experiments employ lenses with a large numerical aperture (NA > 0.5), highly sensitive EMCCD cameras, or photon counters. In this work, we demonstrate trapping and detection of single rubidium atoms using a long-focus objective lens with a numerical aperture NA = 0.172 and a FLir Tau CNV sCMOS camera.
Rb atoms trapped at the common focus of four high numerical aperture (NA=0.5) aspheric lenses. We use an interferometrically-guided pick-and-place technique to precisely and stably position the lenses along the four cardinal directions with their foci at a single central point. The geometry gives right angle access to a single quantum emitter, and will enable new trapping, excitation, and collection methods. The fluorescence signals indicate both sub-Poissonian atom number statistics and photon anti-bunching, showing suitability for cold atom quantum optics.
We present a pair of optimized objective lenses with long working distances of 117 mm and 65 mm respectively that offer diffraction limited performance for both Cs and Rb wavelengths when imaging through standard vacuum windows. The designs utilise standard catalog lens elements to provide a simple and cost-effective solution. Objective 1 provides NA = 0.175 offering 3 μm resolution whilst objective 2 is optimized for high collection efficiency with NA = 0.29 and 1.8 μm resolution. This flexible design can be further extended for use at shorter wavelengths by simply re-optimising the lens separations.
We present a pair of optimized objective lenses with long working distances of 117 mm and 65 mm, respectively, that offer diffraction limited performance for both Cs and Rb wavelengths when imaging through standard vacuum windows. The designs utilise standard catalog lens elements to provide a simple and cost-effective solution. Objective 1 provides NA = 0.175 offering 3 μm resolution whilst objective 2 is optimized for high collection efficiency with NA = 0.29 and 1.8 μm resolution. This flexible design can be further extended for use at shorter wavelengths by simply re-optimising the lens separations.
In this thesis, a single-atom trap in a "Maltese cross'' geometry (MCG) was designed, built up and characterized. A MCG atom trap uses four in-vacuum lenses to achieve four-directional high-numerical-aperture optical coupling to single trapped atoms and small atomic arrays. Here, we describe the theoretical background, the design, and the optical methods used for trapping and cooling atoms in a MCG geometry optimized for high coupling efficiency. We also characterize the resulting properties of the trap and trapped atoms. For this propose we measure occupancy, loading rate, lifetime, temperature, fluorescence anti-bunching and trap frequencies using current best practices. We also report another use of the optical control and coupling offered by the MCG: we use the two on-trap-axis lenses to produce a 1D optical lattice, the sites of which are stochastically filled and emptied by the trap loading process. The two off-trap-axis lenses are used for imaging and single-mode collection. Correlations of single-mode and imaging fluorescence signals are then used to map the single-mode collection efficiency. We observe trap characteristics comparable to what has been reported for single-atom traps with one- or two-lens optical systems. This shows that four-direction high-NA coupling can be achieved with little reduction in trap performance. Finally, we conclude with the near-future plans of the experiment.