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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

Josephson traveling-wave parametric amplifier for superconducting qubit readout

Chris Macklin, D. H. Slichter, Oded Yaakobi, L. Frièdland, Vlad Bolkhovsky, Danielle Braje, George Fitch, William D. Oliver, Irfan A. Siddiqi

Published Mar 5, 2014• 1 citation
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Advancing error-corrected quantum computing and fundamental science necessitates quantum-limited amplifiers with near-ideal quantum efficiency and multiplexing capability. However, existing solutions achieve one at the expense of the other; for example, Josephson traveling wave parametric amplifiers (JTWPAs) are highgain, broadband, and chip-based quantum amplifiers that conventionally incur a bandwidth-noise tradeoff. When operated at 20-dB gain and instantaneous bandwidths of a few GHz, JTWPAs typically reach near-quantum limited intrinsic efficiencies of 70% - 85% relative to that of an ideal phase-preserving quantum amplifier. This is due to information leakage to the sidebands of the JTWPA, which can be recovered by adiabatically transforming the input modes to Floquet modes of the system within the device. In this thesis, we experimentally demonstrate the first Floquet-mode travelingwave parametric amplifier (Floquet TWPA). Fabricated in a superconducting qubit process, this Floquet TWPA achieves minimal dissipation, quantum-limited noise performance, and broadband operation. Our device exhibits > 20-dB amplification over a 3-GHz instantaneous bandwidth, <0.5 -dB average in-band insertion loss, and the highest-reported intrinsic quantum efficiency for a TWPA of 92.1±7.6%, relative to an ideal phase-preserving amplifier. When measuring a superconducting qubit, our Floquet TWPA enables a system measurement efficiency of 65.1 ± 5.8%, the highest-reported in a superconducting qubit readout experiment utilizing phase-preserving amplifiers to the best of our knowledge. Finally, we discuss the noise limitations of our current experimental setup, as well as impedance matching strategies that will enable us to push towards ideal JTWPA performance. These general-purpose Floquet TWPAs are suitable for fast, high-fidelity multiplexed readout in large-scale quantum systems and future monolithic integration with quantum processors.
Josephson traveling-wave parametric amplifiers (TWPAs) enable the amplification of weak microwave signals close to the quantum limit with large bandwidth, which has a broad range of applications in superconducting quantum computing and in the operation of single-photon detectors. While the large bandwidth allows for their use in frequency-multiplexed detection architectures, an increased number of readout tones per amplifier puts more stringent requirements on the dynamic range to avoid saturation. Here, we characterize the undesired mixing processes between the different frequency-multiplexed tones applied to a Josephson TWPA, a phenomenon also known as intermodulation distortion. The effect becomes particularly significant when the amplifier is operated close to its saturation power. Furthermore, we demonstrate that intermodulation distortion can lead to significant crosstalk and reduction of fidelity for multiplexed readout of superconducting qubits. We suggest using large detunings between the pump and signal frequencies to mitigate crosstalk. Our work provides insights into the limitations of current Josephson TWPAs and highlights the importance of performing further research on these devices.