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Journal of Mathematical Physics

Probability measures on fuzzy events in phase space

Eduard Prugovečki

Published Apr 1, 1976• 50 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The notion of fuzzy sample point is introduced, and generalized probability measures on fuzzy events are defined. This leads to the concept of spectral measure on fuzzy events. It is shown that such measures can be associated with quantum-mechanical states when the fuzzy elementary events are represented by Gaussian distributions on phase space.

DOI
10.1063/1.522936

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The notion of fuzzy sample point is introduced, and generalized probability measures on fuzzy events are defined. This leads to the concept of spectral measure on fuzzy events. It is shown that such measures can be associated with quantum-mechanical states when the fuzzy elementary events are represented by Gaussian distributions on phase space.
This paper surveys some of the recent results that have been obtained in fuzzy quantum probability theory. In this theory fuzzy events are represented by quantum effects and fuzzy random variables are represented by quantum measurements. Probabilities, conditional probabilities and sequential products of effects are discussed. The relationship between the law of total probability and compatibility of measurements is treated. Results concerning independent effects are given. Finally, properties of the sequential product, almost sharp effects and nearly sharp effects are discussed.
The goal of this study is to extend quantum theory to the field of fuzzy phenomena. Using the idea and method of fuzzy mathematics, the quantum probability theory of fuzzy event is proposed, with the form of fuzzy event route integral, membership degree amplitude, fuzzy field function, Green function, physical quantity and fuzzy diagram. This theory changes quantum mechanics, making it a special instance of the former. Under some conditions, this theory breaches unitarity, gauge invariance, probability conservation, and information conservation, rendering these concepts approximate. This new theory, which does not require renormalization and can naturally produce meaningful results that are consistent with the experiments, is the proper theory for describing microscopic high-speed phenomena, whereas quantum mechanics is only a proper theory for describing microscopic low-speed phenomena. Because this theory is not divergent under the conditions that there is no renormalization and an infinite number of offsetting terms, it can constitute the theoretical framework required for gravity quantization.
The goal of this study is to integrate fuzzy mathematics and quantum mechanics to seek deeper cosmic principles. The concept of fuzzy wave function is proposed to represent the fuzzy quantum probability by utilizing fuzzy mathematics to blur the probability (wave) of quantum mechanics. By applying the non-fuzzy formula of fuzzy quantity and the Schrödinger wave equation of quantum mechanics, the membership function equation is constructed to describe the evolution of the fuzzy wave function. The concept of membership degree amplitude is introduced to calculate fuzzy probability amplitude, and the membership degree amplitude equation is derived. Some important concepts in fuzzy mathematics are also illustrated.
The problem of expressing quantum mechanical expectation values as averages with respect to nonnegative density functions on phase space, by analogy with classical mechanics, is reexamined in the light of some earlier work on fuzzy phase spaces. It is shown that such phase space representations are possible if ordinary phase space is replaced by a so-called fuzzy phase space, on which the usual marginal distribution functions are redefined to conform to the fact that arbitrarily precise simultaneous measurements on position and momentum are not compatible with quantum mechanics. In the process a generalization of Wigner’s theorem on the nonexistence of phase space representations of quantum mechanics, which also satisfy the standard (classical) marginality conditions in position and momentum, is obtained. It is shown that a (continuous) representation of quantum mechanics exists on a given fuzzy phase space if an only if the corresponding confidence functions for position and momentum measurements satisfy the Heisenberg uncertainty relations.
Beginning with an intuitive consideration of sequences of measurements, we define a time-ordered event space representing the collection of all imaginable outcomes for measurement sequences. We then postulate the generalized distributive relation on the event space and examine the class of measurements for which this relation can be experimentally validated. The generalized distributive relation is shown to lead to a σ-additive conditional probability on the event space and to a predictive and retrodictive formalism for stochastic processes. We then show that this formalism has a predictive and a retrodictive representation in a separable Hilbert space H, which has no counterpart in unitary quantum dynamics.