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New Journal of Physics

Addressed qubit manipulation in radio-frequency dressed lattices

G. Sinuco-León, B. M. Garraway

Published Mar 10, 2016• 10 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Precise control over qubits encoded as internal states of ultracold atoms in arrays of potential wells is a key element for atomtronics applications in quantum information, quantum simulation and atomic microscopy. Here we theoretically study atoms trapped in an array of radio-frequency dressed potential wells and propose a scheme for engineering fast and high-fidelity single-qubit gates with low error due to cross-talk. In this proposal, atom trapping and qubit manipulation relies exclusively on long-wave radiation making it suitable for atom-chip technology. We demonstrate that selective qubit addressing with resonant microwaves can be programmed by controlling static and radio-frequency currents in microfabricated conductors. These results should enable studies of neutral-atom quantum computing architectures, powered by low-frequency electromagnetic fields with the benefit of simple schemes for controlling individual qubits in large ensembles.

DOI
10.1088/1367-2630/18/3/035009

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Precise control over qubits encoded as internal states of ultracold atoms in arrays of potential wells is a key element for atomtronics applications in quantum information, quantum simulation and atomic microscopy. Here we theoretically study atoms trapped in an array of radio-frequency dressed potential wells and propose a scheme for engineering fast and high-fidelity single-qubit gates with low error due to cross-talk. In this proposal, atom trapping and qubit manipulation relies exclusively on long-wave radiation making it suitable for atom-chip technology. We demonstrate that selective qubit addressing with resonant microwaves can be programmed by controlling static and radio-frequency currents in microfabricated conductors. These results should enable studies of neutral-atom quantum computing architectures, powered by low-frequency electromagnetic fields with the benefit of simple schemes for controlling individual qubits in large ensembles.
Ultracold atomic gases in periodic potentials are powerful platforms for exploring quantum physics in regimes dominated by many-body effects as well as for developing applications that benefit from quantum mechanical effects. Further advances face a range of challenges including the realization of potentials with lattice constants smaller than optical wavelengths as well as creating schemes for effective addressing and manipulation of single sites. In this paper we propose a dressed-based scheme for creating periodic potential landscapes for ultracold alkali atoms with the capability of overcoming such difficulties. The dressed approach has the advantage of operating in a low-frequency regime where decoherence and heating effects due to spontaneous emission do not take place. These results highlight the possibilities of atom-chip technology in the future development of quantum simulations and quantum technologies, and provide a realistic scheme for starting such an exploration.
We study a system of neutral atoms trapped in a three-dimensional optical lattice suitable for the encoding, initialization and manipulation of atomic qubits. The qubits are manipulated by applied electromagnetic fields interacting with dipole moments of the atoms via light shifts, Raman transitions, Zeeman shifts, and microwave transitions. Our lattice is formed by three orthogonal one-dimensional lattices, which have different frequencies so that interference terms average to zero. This geometry allows considerable freedom in designing the component one-dimensional lattices, so that they provide not only confinement but also independent control in each dimension. Our atomic qubits are initialized from a laser-cooled atomic sample by Raman sideband cooling in individual lattice potential wells. We have demonstrated accurate and robust one-qubit manipulation using resonant microwave fields. In practice such control operations are always subject to errors, in our case spatial inhomogeneities in the microwave Rabi frequency and the light shifted qubit transition frequency. Observation of qubit dynamics in near real time allows us to minimize these inhomogeneities, and therefore optimize qubit logic gates. For qubits in the lattice, we infer a fidelity of 0.990(3) for a single pi-pulse. We have also explored the use of NMR-type pulse techniques in order to further reduce the effect of errors and thus improve gate robustness in the atom/lattice system. Our schemes for two-qubit quantum logic operations are based on controlled collisional interactions. We have experimented with two schemes in order to probe these collisions. The first involves manipulation of the center-of-mass wavepackets of two qubits in a geometry corresponding to two partially overlapping Mach-Zender interferometers. Unfortunately, this scheme has proven extremely sensitive to phase errors, as the wavepackets are moved by the optical lattice. The other scheme starts with two qubits in spatially separated traps, and utilizes microwaves to drive one or both qubits into a third trap in-between the two qubits. Once the wavepackets overlap, the collisions create a large energy shift which can be probed spectroscopically.
Neutral atoms are promising candidates to store and manipulate quantum information. In this thesis we examine several problems related to the control of neutral atoms for quantum computation and simulation. In the first problem we show how the transport of atoms in an optical lattice can be controlled through variation of the polarization of the optical lattice and the application of global microwave pulses. This type of control control is a first step in many of the schemes for quantum computation and quantum simulation. We show that with the available tools for global control, the synthesis of any unitary transformation, consistent with translational invariance, may be performed and provide an explicit method for carrying this out. In the second problem, we study a spectroscopic method for probing atomic interactions that may form the basis for two-qudit quantum logic gates. The confinement of atoms required to perform quantum computation can strongly affect how they interact. Probing the nature of those confinement-induced effects is a first step towards quantum computing with neutral atoms. Transport of the atoms to overlapping wells is achieved through microwave pulses that drive population between hyperfine levels in a lin-perp-lin polarization-gradient lattice. By measuring the amount of population transferred into certain excited states, we can detect changes in the spectrum of the two-atom system induced by the interaction. In the third problem, we consider a cloud of cold atoms driven by both microwave and radio-frequency magnetic fields. The large number of spin sublevels available in individual atoms makes them candidates for a qudit-based quantum computer. Because the applied fields that drive the system may be inhomogeneous, the collection of atoms forms an ensemble of different qudits. Borrowing ideas developed for NMR control, we show how to drive the ensemble through a given evolution. We show that even in the presence of large experimental errors, state preparation may be achieved with high fidelities. We also show that intentionally applied variations in spatial magnetic fields can be used to synthesize different states in different regions of space.
Recent progress in optics, atomic physics and material science has paved the way to study quantum effects in ultracold atomic alkali gases confined to non-trivial geometries. Multiply connected traps for cold atoms can be prepared by combining inhomogeneous distributions of DC and radio-frequency electromagnetic fields with optical fields that require complex systems for frequency control and stabilization. Here we propose a flexible and robust scheme that creates closed quasi-one-dimensional guides for ultracold atoms through the 'dressing' of hyperfine sublevels of the atomic ground state, where the dressing field is spatially modulated by inductive effects over a micro-engineered conducting loop. Remarkably, for commonly used atomic species (for example, (7)Li and (87)Rb), the guide operation relies entirely on controlling static and low-frequency fields in the regimes of radio-frequency and microwave frequencies. This novel trapping scheme can be implemented with current technology for micro-fabrication and electronic control.
The manipulation of ultracold atoms in radio-frequency (RF)-dressed potentials offers unique advantages over static magnetic traps, such as the ability to create more complex potential landscapes, better control of atomic states, and increased robustness to environmental noise. Among the accessible geometries, ring traps are particularly promising for atomic Sagnac interferometers, which can be used to measure rotational motion with high sensitivity. Here, the authors demonstrate the state-dependent transport of atoms in an RF-dressed ring trap on an atom chip. By exploiting the polarization-dependent coupling of RF fields to different atomic hyperfine states, the authors achieve controlled transport of atoms in opposite directions. This approach targets the development of compact, high-precision devices for applications in inertial navigation and rotation sensing.
Adiabatic dressed state potentials are created when magnetic substates of trapped atoms are coupled by a radio-frequency field. We discuss their theoretical foundations and point out fundamental advantages over potentials purely based on static fields. The enhanced flexibility enables one to implement numerous configurations, including double wells, Mach-Zehnder, and Sagnac interferometers which even allows for internal state-dependent atom manipulation. These can be realized using simple and highly integrated wire geometries on atom chips.