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Scientific Reports

Is there an optimal basis to maximise optical information transfer?

Mingzhou Chen, Kishan Dholakia, Michaël Mazilu

Published Mar 15, 2016• 44 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We establish the concept of the density of the optical degrees of freedom that may be applied to any photonics based system. As a key example of this versatile approach we explore information transfer using optical communication. We demonstrate both experimentally, theoretically and numerically that the use of a basis set with fields containing optical vortices does not increase the telecommunication capacity of an optical system.

DOI
10.1038/srep22821

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We establish the concept of the density of the optical degrees of freedom that may be applied to any photonics based system. As a key example of this versatile approach we explore information transfer using optical communication. We demonstrate both experimentally, theoretically and numerically that the use of a basis set with fields containing optical vortices does not increase the telecommunication capacity of an optical system.
Contemporary tendencies in developing computing and communication systems are, more than ever, pointing out the necessity of transfer from computer and information systems to the optic and even quantum ones [1–4]. Saturation of microelectronics potencies can be seen in the simple and obvious facts, i.e. slowdown of effectiveness increase rates for the classical Turing computing systems and transfer to multicore parallel computations in electronics, as well as greater attention is paid to the optical communication channels, memory and data transmission systems, which is due to high density of information pack in the optical spectrum of electromagnetic waves [5–7].Taking into account the classical Shannon’s understanding of the information quantity and specific characteristics of an optical communication channel, in this work, we are trying to draw a parallel between the classical communication channel and the quantum one, which enables us, in some simple cases, to consider the approximate dependence of maximum information transmission rate on the key characteristics of laser emitter, including the average transmission power, bandwidth, and polarization.
Optical coherence is a well-established branch of physical optics in which the statistical properties of fluctuating optical fields are described in terms of correlation functions over continuous spatial and temporal degrees of freedom (DoFs). Nevertheless, in any practical setting, only discrete DoFs are ever accessible. In these scenarios, the modes are fixed, stable, and deterministic, and partial coherence arises from random relative complex amplitudes, a configuration we refer to as 'structured coherence'. Advances in structured coherence have recently unveiled new conceptual ground in optical communications and information processing in which partial coherence may be preferable to full coherence, which we call a 'coherence advantage'. We formulate structured coherence in terms of coherence matrices to investigate these recent theoretical and experimental breakthroughs. We first review optical fields characterized by a binary DoF via 2x2 Hermitian coherence matrices and introduce key concepts that take on new significance for larger-dimensional modal sets. Next, we examine the structured coherence of two binary DoFs, which can be described by 4x4 coherence matrices. We introduce the concept of coherence rank, entropy swapping, and optical cross-purity. In the perspective outlined here, coherence is viewed as a 'resource', which can be exchanged between DoFs, concentrated into a DoF or into particular modes, or spread over the DoFs. We then examine larger-dimensional modal sets, which allow for more versatile applications in optical information processing. The formulation presented here lends itself particularly to the manipulation of partial optical coherence in integrated photonic platforms, thereby opening myriad avenues for novel fundamental investigations of structured coherence and exploiting the coherence advantage in optical communications and information processing.
The increasing demand for higher-capacity, high-performance optical networks and computing has fueled the exploration of new photonic degrees of freedom for information encoding. Our work addresses this need by investigating the feasibility of utilizing transverse orbital angular momentum (t-OAM) of light, a more recently identified degree of freedom than its longitudinal counterpart, as a viable candidate for these potential applications. We present results demonstrating the feasibility of leveraging t-OAM as a new family of modes for implementing classical entanglement, which provided the basis for generating a novel t-OAM and circular polarization mode-entangled beam. Additionally, we developed and demonstrated a proof-of-concept optical information-processing pipeline based on spatiotemporal optical vortices (STOVs) carrying t-OAM. Using this system, we demonstrated arithmetic capabilities, including the addition and subtraction of spatiotemporal topological charge values, which can be either integer or fractional. These new capabilities open pathways toward harnessing t-OAM of light as a new degree of freedom to enhance optical computation and communication.
The analysis of the performance indicators fiber-optic communication lines (FOCL) using quantum technology based on the architectural concept of NGN (Next Generation Network) and future networks FN (Future Networks) for the construction highly efficient optical telecommunication networks supporting a wide range cryptographic resistance. Threats of unauthorized access, denial of service, loss information, cryptographic methods and algorithms for information protection are considered. Complex criteria of FOCL efficiency using such quantum technologies as network performance using WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) technology, information security characteristics when using quantum cryptography protocols, taking into account resistance to various threats, informative characteristics photon sources are selected. A new approach is proposed for the study and assessment of complex indicators complex optical information protection systems and effective control of a set quantum key distribution systems for fiber-optic communication lines. The functioning of the investigated FOCL using quantum technology based on the principles "Point-to-point" network topology, which allows organizing a quantum information and service channel, is considered. On the basis of the proposed approach, the efficiency quantum key distribution, the capabilities quantum cryptography protocols under the influence of photon number splitting attack (PNS-Photon Number Splitting Attack) and the information entropy of the characteristics of sources of optical photon qubit fluxes are investigated. Analytical expressions are obtained for assessing the complex indicators of the information security system when using quantum key distribution (QKD) for FOCL. On the basis of the new approach, a numerical analysis was carried out and a graphical dependence of the information entropy of the packet on the packet length in qubits was constructed for the given transfer characteristics of the FOCL. It was found that an increase in the limited packet length in bits, which meets the requirements reliability and efficiency of the operation FOCL system, leads to an increase in the value information entropy as a fraction of the packet, at a given bit rate of the network.