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Optics Letters

Hermetic optical-fiber iodine frequency standard

P. S. Light, James D. Anstie, Fetah Benabid, Andre Nicholas Luiten

Published Jun 2, 2015• 13 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We have built an optical-frequency standard based on interrogating iodine vapor that has been trapped within the hollow core of a hermetically sealed kagome-lattice photonic crystal fiber. A frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser locked to a hyperfine component of the P(142)37-0 I2127 transition using modulation transfer spectroscopy shows a frequency stability of 3×10−11 at 100 s. We discuss the impediments in integrating this all-fiber standard into a fully optical-fiber-based system, and suggest approaches that could improve performance of the frequency standard substantially.

DOI
10.1364/ol.40.002703

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We have built an optical-frequency standard based on interrogating iodine vapor that has been trapped within the hollow core of a hermetically sealed kagome-lattice photonic crystal fiber. A frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser locked to a hyperfine component of the P(142)37-0 I2127 transition using modulation transfer spectroscopy shows a frequency stability of 3×10−11 at 100 s. We discuss the impediments in integrating this all-fiber standard into a fully optical-fiber-based system, and suggest approaches that could improve performance of the frequency standard substantially.
We have constructed a compact and robust optical frequency standard based around iodine vapor loaded into the core of a hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (HC-PCF). A 532 nm laser was frequency locked to one hyperfine component of the R(56) 32-0 (127)I(2) transition using modulation transfer spectroscopy. The stabilized laser demonstrated a frequency stability of 2.3×10(-12) at 1 s, almost an order of magnitude better than previously reported for a laser stabilized to a gas-filled HC-PCF. This limit is set by the shot noise in the detection system. We present a discussion of the current limitations to the performance and a route to improve the performance by more than an order of magnitude.
We demonstrate an optical frequency standard based on rubidium vapor loaded within a hollow-core photonic crystal fiber. We use the 5S(1/2)→5D(5/2) two-photon transition, excited with two lasers at 780 and 776 nm. The sum-frequency of these lasers is stabilized to this transition using modulation transfer spectroscopy, demonstrating a fractional frequency stability of 9.8×10(-12) at 1 s. The current performance limitations are presented, along with a path to improving the performance by an order of magnitude. This technique will deliver a compact, robust standard with potential applications in commercial and industrial environments.
The laser uses a 1560nm distributed feedback semiconductor laser as the seed source, which is then amplified by an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). The amplified laser is subsequently frequency-doubled to 780nm using a periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) crystal. A fully fiber-optic modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS) frequency stabilization system was constructed, locking onto the crossover peak for the 87Rb 5𝑆1/2, 𝐹g = 1 → 5𝑆3/2, 𝐹e = 0, 1. The system's performance was evaluated by beat measurements with a commercial MTS module locking onto the 87Rb D2 transition line 5𝑆1/2, 𝐹g = 1 → 5𝑆3/2, 𝐹e = 0.The final result shows a beat signal linewidth of 29kHz. The frequency stability at an integration time of one second is 8 × 10-11, and the frequency stability reaches 3 × 10-11 at an integration time of up to 1000 seconds.
We present high-resolution spectroscopy of I(2) vapor that is loaded and trapped within the core of a hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (HC-PCF). We compare the observed spectroscopic features to those observed in a conventional iodine cell and show that the saturation characteristics differ significantly. Despite the confined geometry it was still possible to obtain sub-Doppler features with a spectral width of ~6 MHz with very high contrast. We provide a simple theory which closely reproduces all the key observations of the experiment.
We explore the feasibility of a fiber clock, i.e., a compact, high-precision, optical lattice atomic clock based on atoms trapped inside a hollow-core optical fiber. Such a setup offers an intriguing potential both for a substantially increased number of interrogated atoms (and thereby an improved clock stability) and for miniaturization. We evaluate the sensitivity of the ${^{1}S}_{0}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{^{3}P}_{0}$ clock transition in Hg and other divalent atoms to the fiber inner core surface at nonzero temperatures. The Casimir-Polder interaction induced ${^{1}S}_{0}{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}^{3}{P}_{0}$ transition frequency shift is calculated for the atom inside the hollow capillary as a function of atomic position, capillary material, and geometric parameters. For Hg\mathrm{Hg}Hg atoms on the axis of a silica capillary with inner radius $\ensuremath{\ge}15\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ and optimally chosen thickness $d\ensuremath{\sim}1\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$, the atom-surface interaction induced ${^{1}S}_{0}{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}^{3}{P}_{0}$ clock transition frequency shift can be kept on the level $\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\nu}/{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{Hg}}\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}19}$. We also estimate the atom loss and heating due to collisions with the buffer gas, lattice intensity noise induced heating, spontaneous photon scattering heating, and residual birefringence induced frequency shifts.