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Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters

Essentially nonequilibrium steady state of atoms in an optical field

Прудников Олег Николаевич, А. В. Тайченачев, Valeriy I. Yudin

Published Nov 1, 2015• 9 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The kinetics of atoms in the monochromatic field of a standing wave has been considered taking into account the recoil effects that appear under the interaction of the atoms with photons of the field. It has been shown that the steady-state solution of the kinetic equation for the atomic density matrix can have considerable asymmetry in the phase space. There is also asymmetry in the fluxes of atoms in the ground and excited states, predominantly near the nodes of the optical field.

DOI
10.1134/s0021364015210092

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The kinetics of atoms in the monochromatic field of a standing wave has been considered taking into account the recoil effects that appear under the interaction of the atoms with photons of the field. It has been shown that the steady-state solution of the kinetic equation for the atomic density matrix can have considerable asymmetry in the phase space. There is also asymmetry in the fluxes of atoms in the ground and excited states, predominantly near the nodes of the optical field.
A method has been developed for obtaining the steady-state solution of a quantum kinetic equation for the atomic density matrix in an arbitrarily polarized monochromatic field with the complete inclusion of recoil effects and degeneracy of atomic levels in the projection of the angular momentum. This method makes it possible to obtain the most general solution beyond the previously accepted approximations (semiclassical approximation, secular approximation, etc.). In particular, it has been shown that the laser cooling temperature is a function of not only the depth of the optical potential (as was previously thought), but also the mass of an atom.
The stationary momentum and coordinate distributions of two-level atoms in the field of a one-dimensional standing light wave have been studied. A qualitatively new effect—the predominant concentration of atoms outside of the minima of the optical potential—has been detected in the regime of moderate saturation of an atomic transition and red frequency detuning. This effect has been qualitatively interpreted. Calculations have been performed using the quantum kinetic equation for the atomic density matrix with the complete inclusion of recoil and localization effects in an arbitrary-intensity light field. In addition to theoretical significance, the results can be useful for atomic nanolithography and frequency standards based on optical gratings.
Kinetic phenomena of resonant-particle motion in a standing-light-wave field are theoretically discussed. The light-pressure force and its fluctuations are found in a wide range of the parameters: the atomic velocity, the intensity, and the detuning of the field. There are two characteristic regions of the detunings in a strong field: the adiabatic region and the region of Landau–Zener resonances. The quantum fluctuations of the inner atomic state that are due to the Landau–Zener transitions result, specifically, in the interference effect in the mean light-pressure force. The effects of the spatial grating of the cooled atoms, the particle velocity bunching, and the recoil-effect dependence on the nonlinear absorption are considered for slow particles. The effect of optical pumping by linearly polarized light taking into account the recoil effect is fundamentally new. Because of this effect, the anisotropic resonance medium becomes gyrotropic.
The setting time of the stationary distribution over translational degrees of freedom of two-level atoms in the field of a one-dimensional standing light wave is studied. The dependences of this time on the problem parameters such as the light wave intensity, frequency detuning, and atom mass are obtained. Calculations are performed on the basis of the quantum-mechanical equation for the atomic density matrix taking completely into account the recoil and spatial localization effects in an arbitrarily intense light field.
In quantum optical problems involving the interaction of atoms with laser fields, the atoms are usually considered being stationary during the interaction. Since every photon has a momentum, the atomic momentum (motion) can be changed in the process of absorption and emission of photons. This may force a stationary atom to move or to change momentum of an already moving atom. Therefore, the dynamical behaviour of atoms can be varied by the interaction with a radiation field. For a weak driving field, the influence of this field on the atomic motion can be neglected. However, the intensities of laser fields are generally very strong, and then the motion of the atoms can be considerably changed by the laser field. Here, we discuss this aspect, especially the effect of a driving field on the motion of atoms and the atomic momentum distribution. In particular, we will consider diffraction of atoms by a standing-wave laser field due to an exchange of momentum with the photons of the wave, and radiation force on atoms driven by a running-or standing-wave laser field.