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Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics

Kinetics of atoms in a bichromatic field

Прудников Олег Николаевич, A. S. Baklanov, A. V. Taǐchenachev, Anatolii M Tumaikin, Valeriy I. Yudin

Published Aug 1, 2013• 9 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The kinetics of atoms in a bichromatic field is considered. Analytic solutions are obtained for the force, friction coefficient, and diffusion coefficient in the model of a two-level atom without limitations imposed on the intensity of light fields. This effect is observed in the domain of global minima and maxima of the optical potential (i.e., at points where the relative phase of two standing waves is ϕ = 0, π/2.

DOI
10.1134/s1063776113100178

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The kinetics of atoms in a bichromatic field is considered. Analytic solutions are obtained for the force, friction coefficient, and diffusion coefficient in the model of a two-level atom without limitations imposed on the intensity of light fields. This effect is observed in the domain of global minima and maxima of the optical potential (i.e., at points where the relative phase of two standing waves is ϕ = 0, π/2.
The kinetics of atoms in a bichromatic field formed by waves with an arbitrary elliptical polarisation is considered. Analytical expressions are derived for the force and the friction and diffusion coefficients within the model of an atom with the j g = 1/2 → j e = 3/2 optical transition. These expressions are presented in the general form as an expansion in gradients of light field parameters. Some specific features of the kinetics of atoms are found, which are due to the interference contributions to the friction and diffusion coefficients. The kinetics of atoms in the field of an optical lattice formed as a result of the interference of a wave with a uniform elliptical polarisation and a nonuniformly polarised dissipative field is analysed.
The kinetics of atoms with degenerate energy levels in the field produced by elliptically polarized waves is considered in the semiclassical approximation. Analytic expressions for the force acting on an atom and for the diffusion coefficient in the momentum space are derived for the optical transition J g =1/2→J e = 1/2 in the slow atom approximation. These expressions are valid for an arbitrary one-dimensional configuration of the light field and for an arbitrary intensity. The peculiarities of the atomic kinetics are investigated in detail; these peculiarities are associated with ellipticity of light waves and are absent in particular configurations formed by circularly or linearly polarized waves, which were considered earlier.
We have investigated the localization of atoms in two configurations of laser fields: monochromatic and bichromatic standing waves. A quasi resonant monochromatic laser field creates a spatially periodic potential field with period equal to half of the wavelength. If the atomic kinetic energy is less than the height of the potential wells then atoms could be trapped in the wells. The motion of atoms in a standing wave is governed by the gradient force, friction force, and momentum diffusion. We studied one dimensional localization of sodium atoms in such a standing wave, as well as the influence of friction and diffusion on the motion of these atoms. The effect of accumulation of atoms at the bottom of potential wells (nodes of a standing wave) was observed. This leads to a new scheme of laser cooling of atoms with a minimum temperature below the Doppler limit.
We examine the kinetics of atoms with their ground and excited states being degenerate in the projection of angular momentum. The atoms are located in a standing wave with uniform elliptical polarization. Using the j g =1/2→j e =1/2 transition as an example, we show that the friction and diffusion of atoms strongly depend on the ellipticity of the field. For instance, in the low saturation limit the frictional force contains, in addition to the ordinary Doppler friction term, a term that can be interpreted as Sisyphean friction. Under certain conditions, the contributions reflecting the degeneracy of the ground state are dominant, with the result that the values of the friction and diffusion coefficients (and hence the rate of kinetic processes) may differ from the values predicted by the two-level atomic model by several orders of magnitude.
The influence of the phase difference of the components of a bichromatic field on the dynamics of a two-level atom is studied in the framework of an analytical approach. We give a new, more adequate explanation of an experiment [R. E. Silverano et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 55, 1070 (1985)] where strong phase effects were observed in the interaction of a fast atomic beam with a standing-wave field. It was shown that these effects are caused by interference of contributions of components of the bichromatic field in the amplitude of the upper state. There is excellent agreement between our analytical results and both experimental data and the results of numerical calculation.