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Chinese Physics Letters

Analysis of Laser-Diode and Lamp Optical Pumping for a Rubidium Beam

Jian Feng Guo, Yanhui Wang

Published Feb 1, 2013• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

The time evolution of populations of the ground state hyperfine Zeeman levels of 87 Rb atoms is analyzed using the Runge—Kutta method for the case that a rubidium beam is optically pumped, under different conditions of polarization, with a weak monochromatic laser and an 87 Rb lamp. On the base of the results above, the least estimated laser and 87 Rb lamp power for the best population inversion is obtained, aiding further investigations.

DOI
10.1088/0256-307x/30/2/023201

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The time evolution of populations of the ground state hyperfine Zeeman levels of 87 Rb atoms is analyzed using the Runge—Kutta method for the case that a rubidium beam is optically pumped, under different conditions of polarization, with a weak monochromatic laser and an 87 Rb lamp. On the base of the results above, the least estimated laser and 87 Rb lamp power for the best population inversion is obtained, aiding further investigations.
We investigate the population differences between ground-state hyperfine levels (5S1/2,F=2{5S}_{1/2},F=25S1/2​,F=2 and 5S1/2,{5S}_{1/2},5S1/2​, F=1F=1F=1) of an optically pumped 87Rb{}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb beam in a static magnetic field, taking into account the various kinds of atomic coherence (Zeeman, hyperfine, and optical). The pumping lasers are monochromatic and in resonance with the ${(5S}_{1/2},F=1\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}{5P}_{1/2}{,F}^{\ensuremath{'}}=1)$ transition. By varying the polarization configuration of the pumping lasers, we find that the pumping efficiency is substantially enhanced when a $\ensuremath{\sigma}$-polarized laser and a $\ensuremath{\pi}$-polarized laser are counterpropagating. In this case, the pumping efficiency remains high even in a weak magnetic field, which explains qualitatively experimental data reported previously from a cesium beam experiment.
The evolution of the hyperfine structure magnetic sublevel populations of 87 Rb and 133 Cs atoms in resonant linearly polarized laser fields is theoretically analyzed. Analytical expressions are obtained for stationary populations of the magnetic sublevels of the ground state 5 2 S 1/2 F g = 1, F f = 2 in 87 Rb and 6 2 S 1/2 F g = 3, F f = 4 in 133 Cs under optical pumping at the F g ↔ F e = F g and F f ↔ F e = F f transitions of the D 2 lines ( n 2 S 1/2 n 2 P 3/2 ) versus the initial populations. The characteristic population stabilization time are obtained by numerical solution for the density matrix equations, depending on the intensity of the laser fields and the detuning of the optical resonance. It is shown that the alternation of the polarization direction of the laser field at the transition F f ↔ F e = F f almost completely transfers atoms to the lower sublevel of the "clock" M1 transition F g M = 0 ↔ F f M = 0 in rubidium and cesium frequency standards, which proportionally increases the signal of the recording system.
This paper presents a theoretical analysis of a possible scheme to realize a strong population difference between the two ground state sub-levels F = 4, MF = 0, and F = 3, MF = 0 of caesium atom. Two laser-diode light beams, π polarized, are used to illuminate at right angle an atomic beam. The efficiency of the population difference build up is evaluated for two limiting cases according to the light spectral distribution : the monochromatic and broadband excitations. This analysis takes into account hyperfine and Zeeman structures of the energy levels. Numerical calculations show that the monochromatic excitation leads to steady state population difference close to the value obtained with a single pumping laser; however all the atoms can be brought in the upper level if the two laser lights are considered broadband and uncorrelated Guidelines are derived to obtain an efficient optically pumped caesium beam frequency standard.
Recent work with laser diodes has indicated their potential usefulness in optically pumping atomic frequency standards. We consider various optical pumping schemes for 87-Rb incorporating such light sources at two D1 frequencies for experimental situations of either evacuated wall-coated cells or atomic beams. Numerical integration of rate equations governing the level populations with arbitrary pumping light choices of intensity, D1 hyperfine transition(s), and polarization and subsequent calculation of scattered light provide a simplified O-O hyperfine signal analysis.
An ongoing spectroscopic investigation of atomic rubidium utilizes a two-photon, single-laser excitation process. Transitions accessible with our tunable laser include 5P1/2 (F ′ ) ← 5S1/2 (F) and 5P3/2 (F ′ ) ← 5S1/2 (F). The laser is split into a pump and probe beam to allow for Doppler-free measurements of transitions between hyperfine levels. The pump and probe beams are overlapped in a counter-propagating geometry and the laser frequency scans over a transition. Absorption, fluorescence and polarization spectroscopy techniques are applied to this basic experimental setup. The temperature of the vapor cell and the power of the pump and probe beams have been varied to explore line broadening effects and signal-to-noise of each technique. This humble setup will hopefully grow into a more robust experimental arrangement in which double resonance, two-laser excitations are used to explore hyperfine state changing collisions between rubidium atoms and noble gas atoms. Rb-noble gas collisions can transfer population between hyperfine levels, such as 5P3/2 (F ′ = 3) Collision ←− 5P3/2 (F ′ = 2), and the probe beam couples 7S1/2 (F ′′ = 2) ← 5P3/2 (F ′ = 3). Polarization spectroscopy signal depends on the rate of population transfer due to the collision as well as maintaining the orientation created by the pump laser. Fluorescence spectroscopy relies only on transfer of population due to the collision. Comparison of these techniques yields information regarding the change of the magnetic sublevels, mF , during hyperfine state changing collisions.
This paper reports an analytical calculation of the populations of the Zeeman sublevels of the cesium atom. We use a circularly polarized laser beam to pump the Cs-cell in the geomagnetic field. Using the approximate form of the optical Bloch equations, we obtain the time evolution functions of the populations of the Zeeman sublevels S1/2(F=4, mF=-4) and P1/2(F=4, mF=-3). The case of the laser detuning of δ=0, by increasing the pumping light intensity, we could enhance populations non-uniform distribution degree of the ground states and improve the pumping efficiency of the cesium atom. It is significant to enhance sensitivity and accuracy of the optically pumped magnetometer.