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Chinese Physics Letters

Entanglement Concentration for Higher—Dimensional Quantum Systems

姚春梅, 叶柳

Published Jan 1, 2002• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Using local operations and classical communication,we present two schemes for realizing entanglement concentration from pure entangled pairs of qutrits.These methods can be easily generalized to d-dimensional (d>3) quantum systems.

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Entanglement concentration can be achieved in a deterministic fashion [Morikoshi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 3189 (2000); Phys. Rev. A 64, 022316 (2001)]. We present a protocol for deterministic extraction of an Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen pair from two partially entangled pairs via local operations and classical communication. This protocol consists of a generalized measurement described by a positive operator-valued measure (POVM), one-way classical communication, and a corresponding unitary operation or a choice between the two pairs. Based on the theory of majorization, we explicitly construct the required POVM, which can be realized by performing a unitary operation in the extended space and a conventional Von Neuman orthogonal measurement. By decomposing the evolution process from the initial state to the final state, we construct the quantum circuits for realizing the unitary operation with quantum Toffoli gates, and thus provide a physical means to realize the deterministic entanglement concentration. Our method for constructing quantum circuits differs from the usual method based on decomposition of unitary matrices, and is convenient for a large class of quantum processes involving generalized measurements.
Quantum entanglement is an indispensable resource for many significant quantum information processing tasks. However, in practice, it is difficult to distribute quantum entanglement over a long distance, due to the absorption and noise in quantum channels. A solution to this challenge is a quantum repeater, which can extend the distance of entanglement distribution. In this scheme, the time consumption of classical communication and local operations takes an important place with respect to time efficiency. Motivated by this observation, we consider a basic quantum repeater scheme that focuses on not only the optimal rate of entanglement concentration but also the complexity of local operations and classical communication. First, we consider the case where two different two-qubit pure states are initially distributed in the scenario. We construct a protocol with the optimal entanglement-concentration rate and less consumption of local operations and classical communication. We also find a criterion for the projective measurements to achieve the optimal probability of creating a maximally entangled state between the two ends. Second, we consider the case in which two general pure states are prepared and general measurements are allowed. We get an upper bound on the probability for a successful measurement operation to produce a maximally entangled state without any further local operations.
High-dimensional quantum systems offer a number of advantages in larger information capacity, stronger noise resiliency, higher improved efficiency and accuracy over the qubit systems. In quantum communication the maximally entangled states will inevitably become mixed states or less-entangled pure states by the channel noise during the practical transmission or storage. We propose a universal scheme to concentrate nonlocal high-dimensional generalized Bell states with unknown parameters. After the cross-Kerr nonlinearities, XXX-quadrature homodyne measurements, and single-partite projection measurements are performed only at Bob's site, a two-qutrit maximally entangled Bell state can be distilled, while previous entanglement concentration protocols (ECPs) mostly focused on two-level qubit systems. The concentrated partially entangled qubit states, reserved as the by-product are the fascinating resources for some quantum information processing tasks. Moreover, single-qutrit projection measurement, the key ingredient for our ECP with unknown parameters, are completed by using linear optical elements. Additionally, linear optical high-dimensional ECP with known parameters are also designed.