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Applied Optics

A Quantum Mechanical Evaluation of Line Breadths Involved in Tuned-Laser Absorption and Stimulated Emission Spectroscopy

William Ralph Bennett

Published Jan 1, 1965• 7 citations
Publisher

Abstract

An analysis is given of collision- and power-broadening effects in Tuned-Laser Absorption Spectroscopy using time-dependent perturbation theory. The results are compared with the earlier analysis based on the Lorentz theory of collision broadening given by Gerritsen and Heller. Finally, the analysis is extended to include similar broadening effects on the net gain coefficient when both stimulated emission and absorption are involved.

DOI
10.1364/ao.4.000078

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An analysis is given of collision- and power-broadening effects in Tuned-Laser Absorption Spectroscopy using time-dependent perturbation theory. The results are compared with the earlier analysis based on the Lorentz theory of collision broadening given by Gerritsen and Heller. Finally, the analysis is extended to include similar broadening effects on the net gain coefficient when both stimulated emission and absorption are involved.
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An analysis of a three-level system using time-dependent perturbation theory shows that two distinct photon-emission processes take place within such a system when stimulated optical emission occurs: one-and two-photon transitions. The two-photon transition consists of the emission of a stimulated photon followed by the absorption of a coherent pump photon.In three-level systems which possess a narrow pump level, two-photon transitions are dominant at high pump powers while the maser line is split into two lines due to the modulation of the wave function at an angular frequency determined by the rate of pumping. This might lead to the possibility of frequency-modulating the maser line. These results are extended qualitatively to include optical masers which possess broad pump-bands.
An analysis of a three-level system using time-dependent perturbation theory shows that two distinct photon-emission processes take place within such a system when stimulated optical emission occurs: one-and two-photon transitions. The two-photon transition consists of the emission of a stimulated photon followed by the absorption of a coherent pump photon. In three-level systems which possess a narrow pump level, two-photon transitions are dominant at high pump powers while the maser line is split into two lines due to the modulation of the wave function at an angular frequency determined by the rate of pumping. This might lead to the possibility of frequency-modulating the maser line. These results are extended qualitatively to include optical masers which possess broad pump-bands.
All optical oscillators and amplifiers can be analyzed as an electromagnetic structure, such as a cavity or a transmission line, which contains an amplifying medium. The operating characteristics of lasers are governed by both the electromagnetic properties of the structures and the properties of the amplifying medium. Stimulated emission and absorption of radiation from energy states are the physical basis of amplification in all laser materials. In order to study lasers, it is necessary to understand the energy levels of the amplifying medium and the stimulated transitions involving them. Quantum mechanical analysis of the energy states and the stimulated emission and absorption is presented in most books on lasers. However, quantum mechanical analyses cover only the analysis of individual atoms. We need to relate the effects of the quantum mechanical interactions to the macroscopic properties of the materials so that properties of the lasers may be analyzed. Therefore, the macroscopic susceptibility of materials related to stimulated emission and absorption is the focus of discussion in this chapter. It is not the purpose of this book to teach quantum mechanics. There are already many excellent books on this topic. The readers are assumed to have a fundamental knowledge of quantum mechanics. However, it is necessary first to review some of the major steps in order to understand precisely the notation used and the meaning of the results. This is presented in Section 5.1.
The model description of the spectral line broadening for atoms crossing the laser beams is presented. The combined effect of the transit-time broadening, natural broadening, and transverse Doppler broadening is considered. This is done by introducing one-parametric adiabatic damping of atom-laser interaction where the particles interact with the laser during a finite time interval. The simplest rectangle distribution of the light intensity inside the laser beam is employed. The dependence of absorption probability on the transit time for different detunings is calculated and compared with earlier results. The limits for using the Lorentz line profile for describing the interaction of fast particles with laser beams are established.