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Indian Journal of Science and Technology

Key Distribution using Dual Channel Technique for Ultimate Security

R. Sarath, A. Shajin Nargunam

Published Oct 13, 2015• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Background: A new approach for the implementation of Quantum Cryptography is proposed in this paper. Quantum Cryptography has practicalweakness like lack of authentication, single photon generation and many realtime implementation problems.Thispaper also explainshowthedrawback ofBB84protocolis eliminatedby combiningClassicalCryptography and Quantum techniques. Methods: We analyze the usage ofDual Channel Interferometer technique and thereby fusing Quantum techniqueswith classicaltechnique.And their combination resultin the feasibility of authentication, and hacker identification, thereby introducing a novel method of QKD transmission. A quantum digital authentication scheme based on hash function is proposedinthispaper .The securityofthequantumprotocolliesonthe existenceofquantumonewayfunctionbyfundamental quantum principle. The practical difficulties in quantum control and quantum computation made quantum protocol hard to implement. The lack of authentication made the quantum protocol vulnerable to hackers. Introducing two level quantum system authentications can be achieved with the help of hash function. To guarantee the authenticity, hash codes are split into two parts and exchange of code is made through two quantum channels.This scheme uses a programmable polarizer ensuring the quantum one way function and removing the practical difficulties of quantum control and quantum computation. The proposed scheme presents a novel method to construct secure quantum authentication for future communication. Result: Dual channel implementation helps in implementing authentication in quantum BB84 protocol. We combined the advantages of quantum techniques and classical techniques and tried to implement a novel technique to ensure secure communication. Application: People use the ATM for transactions such as cash withdrawal, money transfer and payment of electricity and telephone bills. ATM is the most convenient to access the accounts and funding transactions. Personal Identification Number (PIN)is an important aspect of the current ATM system in providing security and it is a commonly used method in protecting the transaction of one’s account.By implementing above technique ATM pin transfer can be successfully made.Keyword: BB84, Classical Cryptography,Hash Codes,Hash Function, Quantum Channels Programmable Polarizer, Quantum Cryptography

DOI
10.17485/ijst/2015/v8i26/80999

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A quantum digital authentication scheme based on hash function is proposed in this paper. The security of the quantum protocol lies on the existence of quantum one way function by fundamental quantum principle. The practical difficulties in quantum control and quantum computation made quantum protocol hard to implement. Lack of authentication made the quantum protocol vulnerable to hackers. By introducing two level quantum system, authentications can be achieved with the help of hash function. To guarantee the authenticity, hash codes are split in to two parts and exchange of code is made through two quantum channels. This scheme uses a programmable polarizer ensuring the quantum one way function and removing the practical difficulties of quantum control and quantum computation. The proposed scheme presents a novel method to construct secure quantum authentication for future communication.
A new approach for secret sharing of key in networks is proposed in this paper.Secret key sharing is an important problem in cryptography.This paper explains how secret key can be safely transmitted by combining Classical cryptography and Quantum techniques.The usage of dual channel technique and programmable polarizer are analyzed which ensure the way to remove the practical difficulties of quantum cryptography.This hybrid combination result in feasibility of authentication and hacker identification there by introducing a novel method for secret key transmission.
Quantum cryptography provides secret communication, which offers various security factors like confidentiality, integrity, and authentication assurance based on the law of physics. The law of physics states that quantum computing can also be applied into the communication sector, which is particularly in the field of cryptography. Then quantum can significantly distribute the data securely by applying quantum key distribution (QKD), quantum key sharing, etc. In the classical cryptography, it is difficult to compute secret keys using security concepts like key exchange and authentication, etc., and it fails to provide adequate protection during data communication as it needs some effective computation in terms of security. The lack of security in the data communication can be overcome by using the concept of quantum computing. Generally, in quantum computing, elementary quantum systems like polarized photons are used to transmit digital information based on the principle of uncertainty as it gives rise to a significant phenomenon of effective security in terms of communication compared to existing concepts related to cryptography. In quantum computing, the detection ratio for identifying the data which are sent through a communication channel is more difficult as it uses qubits and photons to represent the data that are sent. Quantum channels are used to distribute the information between two users as it passes through the unprotected classical channels as it is unknown to anyone else. Assuming that Alice and Bob use a latent noise channel to send a key, reconciliation is the process of correcting errors between Alice and Bob’s version of the key. This is done by public discussion, which leaks some information about the secret key to an undercover. This chapter gives a discussion on QKD concepts as it helps to provide a secure communication, where the information is broadcasting through a quantum channel. Finally, the various existing quantum protocols are described in relation to some security measures based on QKD, and the standard QKD protocol of BB84 is discussed.
In recent years, many quantum cryptographic schemes have been proposed. However, it seems that there are many technical difficulties to realize them (except Quantum Key Distributions) as practical applications. In this paper, we propose a bank transfer (i.e., funds or Electronic Funds Transfer) system utilizing both classical and quantum cryptography to provide theoretically unbreakable security. This system can be realized using current technologies (e.g., linear polarizers and Faraday rotators) and requires no additional authentication and no key distribution scheme. However, a trusted third party must keep all member banks' private keys for encryption, authentication and also for functions to generate classical digital signatures.
Quantum Cryptography (QC) is the emerging field of the current world and the potential player of the future. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is the matured discipline of QC and available in the market to establish a secret key between parties. In order to achieve in multiparty, basically quantum entanglement has been applied over a theoretical settings. However, due to practical limitation, entanglement based research has a feasible difficulty with current technology. The thesis principal goal is to propose a framework for quantum protocol layer for secure key management without entanglement over multiparty environment. In the secret key management, conference key or Multiparty QKD (MQKD) and joint-venture key or Public Shared Secret Quantum Key (PSSQK) protocols acted as a top layer and quantum user authentication scheme as a middle layer and the standard QKD operation as a bottom layer. The proposed secrete key management protocols are based on secret key between parties using QKD, modified error correction code and linear independent matrix. These protocols require only classical communication and yield higher secret key rate regardless of distance and noise. The security analysis using guessing entropy has applied and results shows only negligible amount information can be extracted during eavesdropping. The challenge-challenge response technique has been applied to proposed quantum user authentication scheme for verification of quantum user. This is a bidirectional authentication scheme and requires both quantum and classical channel to execute and has two modes of operation, i.e., initial and session authentication.Due to deterministic key distribution orientation, the efficiency of protocol reaches up to 100% in terms of reduction of photon wastage during communication. Further, this scheme is resilient to various quantum security attacks However, this scheme requires noiseless quantum channel in order to detect the insider and outsider attacks during authentication. A GUI based discrete event simulation has developed using OptiSystem™ in order to test the practical feasibility of proposed quantum cryptography protocol layer. The polarized based discrete variable QKD protocols have been designed and analyzed. Due to lack of real receiver setup, the results have showed lower quantum bit error rate. Further, we analyzed the impact of polarization structure of qubit due to noise, loss and distance over fiber optics and free space. A multiparty QKD setuphas been designed based on frequency division multiplexing (FDM) centralized quantum channel server. This approach reduces the requirement of total quantum channel from N*(N-1)/2 to N and each party requires one quantum channel to communicate with all other parties. The bit commitment protocol and message authentication in the layer has considered for the future research direction.
Cryptography is being introduced to secure data. Through Classical Cryptographic technique, we can encrypt our data and secure secret key also. But classical cryptography is based on mathematical techniques where reversing one-way function is possible with sufficient computing power and time. So, Quantum Cryptography is introduced to overcome those drawbacks of traditional classical cryptography. It is based on the values of quantum mechanics and photon. Scientists and researchers have brought up a new key distribution protocol based on Quantum Cryptography is called Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) Protocol. The first QKD protocol BB84 was introduced by Charles Bennett and Gilles Brassard in 1984. After that several QKD protocols have been created. In this paper we have improved BB84 Protocol by removing the drawbacks of the existing algorithm towards Eavesdropping which may not be detected or disclosing large portion of secret key. Steps of the existing BB84 algorithm along with the modified one is described in detail with example and pseudo code. Limitations of BB84 and comparative study of both the existing and the improved one based on their security has been made and described in this current work.