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JointPolarization andSpatial-Mode Entanglement ofPhotons

Julio T. Barreiro

Published Jan 1, 2005• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Simultaneous multidimensional entanglement canimprove quantumcommuni- cation protocols, measurements andfundamental studies. Usingphotons fromparametric downconversion, wedemonstrate asource ofjoint polarization andspatial-mode entangle- ment,andcharacterize thestate bytomographic reconstruction. @2005Optical Society ofAmerica OCIScodes:(270.1670) Coherent optical effects; (090.1760) Computer holography

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We have discovered theoretically and confirmed experimentally that a vast improvement over the traditional (type-I) downconversion sources (in which both correlated photons have the same polarization) is possible by using type-II downconversion (in which the correlated photons are orthogonally polarized).1 In previous systems it was necessary to use a number of very carefully aligned extra optical elements, beam splitters, mirrors, etc., to obtain and measure the quantum-mechanical entangled states required for many fundamental experiments.2,3
Wereport thecomplete measurement ofthespectral properties ofphoton pairs generated viaspontaneous parametric down-conversion. Themeasurements, which include notonlysingle-photon spectra, butalso two-photon joint spectra, wereperformed forbothcwandultrafast pumping configura- tions. Inagreement withtheoretical predictions, thespectra fortheultrafast pumpedcasereveal asym- metries notpresent with cwpumping. © 2005Optical Society ofAmerica OCIScodes: (270.0270) Quantum optics; (270.5290) Photon statistics Entanglement between photons hasplayed animportant role instudies ofthefoundations ofquantum physics, andis relevant today indisciplines suchasquantum information processing, quantum communication, quantum-enhanced imaging andmetrology, etc. Themostcommonmethod forthegeneration ofentangled photons isspontaneous para- metric down-conversion (SPDC). Type-II SPDCisofparticular interest, notonlybecause oftherelatively narrow bandwidths ofthephotons, butalso because itispossible togenerate polarization-ent angled
Parametric downconversion inaquasi-phase matched KTPwaveguide offers thepossibility toimplement ahighly efficient source ofphotonic states. Weinvestigate thephoton statistics ofsuch asource with atime-multiplexed detector, which iscapable ofphoton number resolution. Parametric downconversion (PDC)sources havebecomeanestablished technique togenerate single photon states. InthePDCprocess pairs ofphotons canbeproduced indistinguishable modes(oforthogonal polarization) suchthat thedetection ofonephoton will herald thepresence oftheother intheconjugate mode.There have always beentwoproblems hindering progress inpreparing higher order photon number states: thelack ofhighly efficient PDCsources andphoton-number resolving detectors. Wedemonstrate approaches tostudy these problems, andshowtheexperimental generation oftwo-photon states withhighfidelity byconditional state preparation. Weutilize atime-multiplexed detector, whichisfiber based andoperates ontheprinciple ofdetector cascading, inconjunction with abright highly efficient waveguided, typeIIPDCsource, which wepumpwithultrashort pulses. ThePDCstate canbedescribed by 00