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Research Journal of Applied Sciences Engineering and Technology

Quantum Encoder and Decoder for Secret Key Distribution with Check Bits

T. Godhavari, N.R. Alamelu

Published Dec 15, 2013• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The focus of this study is to develop a novel method of encoding the qubits and use as secret key in public key cryptography. In BB 84 protocol, 50% of the random number (generated at source) is used as secret key and the remaining bits are used as “check bits”. The check bits are used to detect the presence of eve as well as the nature of quantum channels. In this protocol, random qubits are encoded using different type of polarizations like horizontal, veritical and diagonal. In the proposed quantum encoder, basic quantum gates are used to encode the random secret key along with the check bits. Quantum key distribution, (a cryptographic mechanism) relies on the inherent randomness of quantum mechanics and serves as an option to replace techniques made vulnerable by quantum computing. However, it is still subject to clever forms of eavesdropping and poses a significant challenge to implementation. To study the challenges, quantum circuits are first simulated using QCAD.

DOI
10.19026/rjaset.6.3440

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The focus of this study is to develop a novel method of encoding the qubits and use as secret key in public key cryptography. In BB 84 protocol, 50% of the random number (generated at source) is used as secret key and the remaining bits are used as “check bits”. The check bits are used to detect the presence of eve as well as the nature of quantum channels. In this protocol, random qubits are encoded using different type of polarizations like horizontal, veritical and diagonal. In the proposed quantum encoder, basic quantum gates are used to encode the random secret key along with the check bits. Quantum key distribution, (a cryptographic mechanism) relies on the inherent randomness of quantum mechanics and serves as an option to replace techniques made vulnerable by quantum computing. However, it is still subject to clever forms of eavesdropping and poses a significant challenge to implementation. To study the challenges, quantum circuits are first simulated using QCAD.
Quantum cryptography is the study of delivering secret communications across a quantum channel. Recently, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) has been recognized as the most important breakthrough in quantum cryptography. This process facilitates two distant parties to share secure communications based on physical laws. The BB84 protocol was developed in 1984 and remains the most widely used among BB92, Ekert91, COW, and SARG04 protocols. However the practical security of QKD with imperfect devices have been widely discussed, and there are many ways to guarantee that generated key by QKD still provides unconditional security. This paper proposed a novel method that allows users to communicate while generating the secure keys as well as securing the transmission without any leakage of the data. In this approach sender will never reveal her basis, hence neither the receiver nor the intruder will get knowledge of the fundamental basis.Further to detect Eve, polynomial interpolation is also used as a key verification technique. In order to fully utilize the quantum computing capabilities provided by IBM quantum computers, the protocol is executed using the Qiskit backend for 45 qubits. This article discusses a plot of % error against alpha (strength of eavesdropping). As a result, different types of noise have been included, and the success probability of the desired key bits has been determined. Furthermore, the success probability under depolarizing noise is explained for different qubit counts.Last but not least, even when the applied noise is increased to maximum capacity, a 50% probability of successful key generation is still observed in an experiment.
Quantum cryptography is a science that exploits quantum mechanical properties to perform cryptographic tasks.The best-known example of quantum cryptography is quantum key distribution, which offers an information-theoretically secure solution to the key exchange problem.I try to generalize the first quantum key distribution protocol called BB84 and implement the protocol in different steps.The implementation is performed in a fully theoretical manner with a general mathematical base.I propose here an algorithm that can make this protocol more secure.After implementation of the protocol, I tried to find out the result, which I illustrated with figures and tables and also proposed here as a suitable polarizer diagram model that helped me find the outcome of this concept.My proposed polarizer diagram only works to encode and decode the valuable secret key that is transferred from sender to receiver, and the secret key will not be transferred as binary bit data but as a photon particle by the photon polarizer converter.Though the protocol BB84 is the most secure of all quantum key distribution protocols, I tried to make it more secure from any third-party access.
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) which is the name of cryptography in quantum environment act as the highest developed area in quantum communication and computing technology (QCIT). \n \nQKD is inventive technology which utilize the laws of quantum to create a cryptographic share key to make the communication system secure. The unique feature of QKD assures eavesdropping detectable during quantum communications which is fascinating for a high-level secure environment.Most of the traditional cryptographic methods which we use currently are based on mathematical scheme or Computational complexity theory which are not completely safe. Using quantum cryptography has been achieved extensive steps in communication security establishment. As the information Unit has been changed from “bit” to Quantum bit (Qubit), a new element has been offered that can guarantee the shared information confidentiality between parties. The confidentiality of system is established via exchanging a secret key through a channel of quantum, the key which we use for encrypting the shared data. This structure has quantum integration which has been developed by physics law and techniques of cryptography. \n \nThis thesis has proposed a modified version of QKD protocol, this new protocol will generate a cryptographic share key for a more efficient, lower cost and secure communication between two parties (sender and Receiver). This new protocol principal is similar to BBM92, but the source of photon moved to sender instead of third-party photon generator, following steps will be executed in this Experiment: \n \n•\tObserve different categories protocols of QKD in details \n•\tThe Quantum Mechanics Visualisation Project (QuVis) is the simulation software that has been used for implementing the proposed protocol [BB84 with spin] among the other three (BBM92, B92 and BB84). \n•\tProbability ratio of error will be tested and compared for all protocols, for this experiment 100 to 5000 photons will be sent. \n \nBy Analysing collected data in this experiment, it will be determined which one of this four protocols lead the detecting of eavesdropping. Simulation software accomplishes the value of error key probability which receiver can use and should not pass over the range limit of 0.25 & 0.5.
Secure communication in cryptographic system, relies on secret key which must be exchanged between a sender and a receiver such that it avoids unauthorized access and can be used to encrypt the plain text and decrypt the cipher text. However, advancement in quantum computing raises concern on the security of information exchanged over the web. As the information on the web is made secure using classical cryptographic mechanisms that are only computationally secure and quantum computers with high computational capability can generate the secrete keys in a very short time. In order to make sure that quantum computers do not breach the security of the network, we need to develop some sort of quantum-resistant mechanisms. Quantum key distribution is one of the quantum-resistant-mechanisms which guarantee secure data communication. It leverages quantum mechanics principles by exchanging the key in quantum states called qubits and any attempt to access the key causes disturbance in the qubits yielding change in their behavior or state, hence signaling the presence of an intruder and making it impossible to be accessed. This paper presents a simulation to establish and exchange secrete keys in quantum environment using BB84 protocol and to determine the efficiency of the system, quantum bit error rate is measured and discussed.
With the advent of efficient quantum algorithms and technological advances, design of quantum circuits has gained importance. In this paper, Quantum circuit using standard quantum gates is constructed for the transmission of quantum encrypted check bits. The proposed scheme is analogous to the first QKD (quantum key distribution) protocol, (BB84) where the check bits are used to detect the level of noise and evesdropping on the channel. The gates used in this work are easily realizable and the encoding and decoding of classical information bits is extended for multiple bits using dense coding scheme.
The current public key infrastructure (pki) encryption/decryption methods are still vulnerable to attacks. The main issue is, the public key algorithm suffers no effective solutions which are natural within particular integer factorization, distinct logarithm and also elliptic curve interactions. It might be computationally possible for an individual to create public and private key set computationally for attacking purposes. The current single channel quantum key distribution (qkd) technique suffers high quantum bit error rates (qber) in the presence of eavesdropping attacks. Therefore this high error rate needs to be reduced for better security using two channels qkd. With the current emergence of quantum computers many security algorithm that could take classical computer years to break could now be broken in matter of seconds. Therefore stronger quantum cryptography is needed for high security networking. This paper is proposed to provide a way for solving the key transmission issues using qkd, as a new method, by providing two quantum channels to improve qber. In addition also to develop an algorithm for integrating pki and qkd in solving the secrete key sharing issues in grid environment. The research methodology will require the use of qkd devices to be placed at the end of the sender and the receiver nodes for quantum channel secrete key sharing. The outcome of the research shall provide highly enhanced network cryptography mechanism for cyber security.