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arXiv:2401.08987

The Quantum Cryptography Approach: Unleashing the Potential of Quantum Key Reconciliation Protocol for Secure Communication

Neha Sharma, Vikas Saxena

Published Jan 17, 2024• 1 citation
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Quantum cryptography is the study of delivering secret communications across a quantum channel. Recently, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) has been recognized as the most important breakthrough in quantum cryptography. This process facilitates two distant parties to share secure communications based on physical laws. The BB84 protocol was developed in 1984 and remains the most widely used among BB92, Ekert91, COW, and SARG04 protocols. However the practical security of QKD with imperfect devices have been widely discussed, and there are many ways to guarantee that generated key by QKD still provides unconditional security. This paper proposed a novel method that allows users to communicate while generating the secure keys as well as securing the transmission without any leakage of the data. In this approach sender will never reveal her basis, hence neither the receiver nor the intruder will get knowledge of the fundamental basis.Further to detect Eve, polynomial interpolation is also used as a key verification technique. In order to fully utilize the quantum computing capabilities provided by IBM quantum computers, the protocol is executed using the Qiskit backend for 45 qubits. This article discusses a plot of % error against alpha (strength of eavesdropping). As a result, different types of noise have been included, and the success probability of the desired key bits has been determined. Furthermore, the success probability under depolarizing noise is explained for different qubit counts.Last but not least, even when the applied noise is increased to maximum capacity, a 50% probability of successful key generation is still observed in an experiment.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2401.08987

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Quantum cryptography is the study of delivering secret communications across a quantum channel. Recently, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) has been recognized as the most important breakthrough in quantum cryptography. This process facilitates two distant parties to share secure communications based on physical laws. The BB84 protocol was developed in 1984 and remains the most widely used among BB92, Ekert91, COW, and SARG04 protocols. However the practical security of QKD with imperfect devices have been widely discussed, and there are many ways to guarantee that generated key by QKD still provides unconditional security. This paper proposed a novel method that allows users to communicate while generating the secure keys as well as securing the transmission without any leakage of the data. In this approach sender will never reveal her basis, hence neither the receiver nor the intruder will get knowledge of the fundamental basis.Further to detect Eve, polynomial interpolation is also used as a key verification technique. In order to fully utilize the quantum computing capabilities provided by IBM quantum computers, the protocol is executed using the Qiskit backend for 45 qubits. This article discusses a plot of % error against alpha (strength of eavesdropping). As a result, different types of noise have been included, and the success probability of the desired key bits has been determined. Furthermore, the success probability under depolarizing noise is explained for different qubit counts.Last but not least, even when the applied noise is increased to maximum capacity, a 50% probability of successful key generation is still observed in an experiment.
Abstract In quantum cryptography, secret communications are delivered through a quantum channel. One of the most important breakthroughs in quantum cryptography has been the quantum key distribution (QKD). This process enables two distant parties to share secure communications based on physical laws. However, eavesdroppers can still interrupt the communication. To overcome this, we propose a different way to detect the presence of Eve through the polynomial interpolation technique. This technique also allows us for key verification. This approach prevents the receiver as well as the intruder from discovering the sender’s fundamental basis. To fully utilize IBM quantum computers’ quantum computing capabilities, this paper attempts to show % error against alpha (strength of eavesdropping) and the impact of noise on the success probability of the desired key bits. Furthermore, the success probability under depolarizing noise is explained for different qubit counts. In the enhanced QKD protocol, using polynomial interpolation for reconciliation shows a 50% probability of successful key generation. This is even when the noise is increased to the maximum capacity.
Cryptography is the process of converting information from readable to unreadable form in the world of computer security. However, there are still flaws at the cryptographic, channel, or implementation levels that need the creation or adoption of new and more robust security measures. The purpose of this study is to offer an efficient method for secure communication based on polynomial interpolation. Quantum cryptography ensures secure communication between authentic users by utilising the basic laws of quantum physics. One of the applications of quantum cryptography is quantum key distribution technology. The key used in the present protocol for secure communication is distinguished from the key created using the polynomial for the Quantum key distribution protocol. These two scenarios are performed on the QISKIT simulator, and their outcomes are assessed in a probabilistic manner. Furthermore, the presence and absence of eavesdropping in the channel are analysed. An environmental error, such as increased noise, may affect experiment performance.
Quantum cryptography provides secret communication, which offers various security factors like confidentiality, integrity, and authentication assurance based on the law of physics. The law of physics states that quantum computing can also be applied into the communication sector, which is particularly in the field of cryptography. Then quantum can significantly distribute the data securely by applying quantum key distribution (QKD), quantum key sharing, etc. In the classical cryptography, it is difficult to compute secret keys using security concepts like key exchange and authentication, etc., and it fails to provide adequate protection during data communication as it needs some effective computation in terms of security. The lack of security in the data communication can be overcome by using the concept of quantum computing. Generally, in quantum computing, elementary quantum systems like polarized photons are used to transmit digital information based on the principle of uncertainty as it gives rise to a significant phenomenon of effective security in terms of communication compared to existing concepts related to cryptography. In quantum computing, the detection ratio for identifying the data which are sent through a communication channel is more difficult as it uses qubits and photons to represent the data that are sent. Quantum channels are used to distribute the information between two users as it passes through the unprotected classical channels as it is unknown to anyone else. Assuming that Alice and Bob use a latent noise channel to send a key, reconciliation is the process of correcting errors between Alice and Bob’s version of the key. This is done by public discussion, which leaks some information about the secret key to an undercover. This chapter gives a discussion on QKD concepts as it helps to provide a secure communication, where the information is broadcasting through a quantum channel. Finally, the various existing quantum protocols are described in relation to some security measures based on QKD, and the standard QKD protocol of BB84 is discussed.
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) which is the name of cryptography in quantum environment act as the highest developed area in quantum communication and computing technology (QCIT). \n \nQKD is inventive technology which utilize the laws of quantum to create a cryptographic share key to make the communication system secure. The unique feature of QKD assures eavesdropping detectable during quantum communications which is fascinating for a high-level secure environment.Most of the traditional cryptographic methods which we use currently are based on mathematical scheme or Computational complexity theory which are not completely safe. Using quantum cryptography has been achieved extensive steps in communication security establishment. As the information Unit has been changed from “bit” to Quantum bit (Qubit), a new element has been offered that can guarantee the shared information confidentiality between parties. The confidentiality of system is established via exchanging a secret key through a channel of quantum, the key which we use for encrypting the shared data. This structure has quantum integration which has been developed by physics law and techniques of cryptography. \n \nThis thesis has proposed a modified version of QKD protocol, this new protocol will generate a cryptographic share key for a more efficient, lower cost and secure communication between two parties (sender and Receiver). This new protocol principal is similar to BBM92, but the source of photon moved to sender instead of third-party photon generator, following steps will be executed in this Experiment: \n \n•\tObserve different categories protocols of QKD in details \n•\tThe Quantum Mechanics Visualisation Project (QuVis) is the simulation software that has been used for implementing the proposed protocol [BB84 with spin] among the other three (BBM92, B92 and BB84). \n•\tProbability ratio of error will be tested and compared for all protocols, for this experiment 100 to 5000 photons will be sent. \n \nBy Analysing collected data in this experiment, it will be determined which one of this four protocols lead the detecting of eavesdropping. Simulation software accomplishes the value of error key probability which receiver can use and should not pass over the range limit of 0.25 & 0.5.
One promising way to use quantum information to secure everyday communication is through the distribution of quantum keys. By exchanging a secret key, the Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) approach allows two parties to communicate securely.BB84 protocol is among the most well-known QKD protocols. In this protocol, qubits are exchanged via a quantum channel between the sender and the receiver. This enables them to produce a shared key that is impenetrable to eavesdroppers and illustrate the fundamental ideas of QKD using current simulations and implementations. The results of this study demonstrate that the BB84 protocol is a highly secure QKD technique that has been investigated in great detail and used in a variety of contexts. Additionally, over the enhancements made to the BB84 protocol such as the use of advanced error correction techniques and decoy states to increase its security and usability is discussed. With an emphasis on the BB84 protocol in secure communication technologies, this study offers an extensive analysis of QKD systems overall.
Classical cryptosystem, which is based on mathematical complexity and irrationally time-consuming to decode, is endangered with the inception of quantum computers empowered with unprecedented computational processing along with sophisticated quantum algorithms. Thus requiring quantum cryptography and Quantum Key Distribution (QDK) protocol for secured key distribution. This thesis work contributes to the field of cryptography. First of all, it shows unconditionally secured QKD which is bound by quantum mechanics laws. It is minimal or moreover almost negligible chances of escaping the eavesdropper i.e. almost zero probability. Next, it shows the modified existing QKD protocol named BB84 protocol. The main drawback of the existing protocol is that it is less efficient concerning photon utilization as we know perfect single-photon generation is still challenging to current technology. In this work, the modified protocol has been presented and it is shown the simulated output using the Aer Provider backend ‘aer_simulator’ provided by Qiskit. With the generated key, message is encoded, transmitted and decoded in real quantum computer with backend ‘ibmq_manila’. The errors generated and analyzed and found that without interference in the channel, maximum only upto 15% errors have been generated from the noise of quantum circuit and are in acceptable range but in presence of interference, error rates surpass the acceptable range i.e. 20% error margin and hence the interference in the channel is detected.