This paper speculates on the origin of dark energy & and dark matter as the potential energy of the cosmic medium as different forms of stresses in equilibrium. We are hypothesizing that EM waves and all particles are some form of undulations of different kinds of fields when the various stressed states of the cosmic medium are displaced from their equilibrium states. We have come to such conclusions as we have attempted to impose causality on the superposition effects we observe when EM beams or particles beams are superposed on detectors. We assume that detectors must experience all the incident beams on them simultaneously to be able to report the superposition effects; the fields themselves do not produce the energy re-distribution that we register as fringes. For light waves, this assumption is almost obvious because light or laser beams pass through each other without modifying each other. Yet, unlike bulk-matter waves, like those on water, we cannot “see ” the fringes of light waves unless we insert detecting molecules within the volume of superposition. So, what undulates and how are the fringes are formed? We postulate that right kind of detectors with the right QM rules must do the summing of the influences brought on them by all the superposed fields simultaneously. We call this approach Reality Ontology (RO). We illustrate the concept with optical interference and diffraction experiments. Then we extend the “RO ” concept to particle “interference ” by hypothesizing that the relevant phases of the particles are due to some physical internal periodic undulations rather than de Broglie’s “Pilot Waves”.
This paper speculates on the origin of dark energy & and dark matter as the potential energy of the cosmic medium as different forms of stresses in equilibrium. We are hypothesizing that EM waves and all particles are some form of undulations of different kinds of fields when the various stressed states of the cosmic medium are displaced from their equilibrium states. We have come to such conclusions as we have attempted to impose causality on the superposition effects we observe when EM beams or particles beams are superposed on detectors. We assume that detectors must experience all the incident beams on them simultaneously to be able to report the superposition effects; the fields themselves do not produce the energy re-distribution that we register as fringes. For light waves, this assumption is almost obvious because light or laser beams pass through each other without modifying each other. Yet, unlike bulk-matter waves, like those on water, we cannot “see ” the fringes of light waves unless we insert detecting molecules within the volume of superposition. So, what undulates and how are the fringes are formed? We postulate that right kind of detectors with the right QM rules must do the summing of the influences brought on them by all the superposed fields simultaneously. We call this approach Reality Ontology (RO). We illustrate the concept with optical interference and diffraction experiments. Then we extend the “RO ” concept to particle “interference ” by hypothesizing that the relevant phases of the particles are due to some physical internal periodic undulations rather than de Broglie’s “Pilot Waves”.
This paper speculates on the origin of dark energy & and dark matter as the potential energy of the cosmic medium as different forms of stresses in equilibrium. We are hypothesizing that EM waves and all particles are some form of undulations of different kinds of fields when the various stressed states of the cosmic medium are displaced from their equilibrium states. We have come to such conclusions as we have attempted to impose causality on the superposition effects we observe when EM beams or particles beams are superposed on detectors. We assume that detectors must experience all the incident beams on them simultaneously to be able to report the superposition effects; the fields themselves do not produce the energy re-distribution that we register as fringes. For light waves, this assumption is almost obvious because light or laser beams pass through each other without modifying each other. Yet, unlike bulk-matter waves, like those on water, we cannot "see" the fringes of light waves unless we insert detecting molecules within the volume of superposition. So, what undulates and how are the fringes are formed? We postulate that right kind of detectors with the right QM rules must do the summing of the influences brought on them by all the superposed fields simultaneously. We call this approach Reality Ontology (RO). We illustrate the concept with optical interference and diffraction experiments. Then we extend the "RO" concept to particle "interference" by hypothesizing that the relevant phases of the particles are due to some physical internal periodic undulations rather than de Broglie's "Pilot Waves".
The interpretation of the detection of very slow rate of photo counts in interference and diffraction experiments have given rise to the prevailing interpretation that photons interfere by themselves and they are indivisible, albeit non-local. The purpose of this paper is to inspire the development of alternate models for the photons by underscoring that, in reality, light does not interfere with light. The effects of superposition, registered as interference fringes, can become manifest only when a suitable detector can respond simultaneously to all the superposed light beams separately arriving from all the paths (or, slits). It should be a strictly causal process. In fact, different detectors with different quantum properties, report different results while exposed to the same superposed fields. Interference and diffraction effects are always observed as fringes through the processes of re-distribution and/or re-direction of the measured energy of the superimposed fields. Accordingly, we present a number of experiments, actual and conceptual, which highlight the contradictions built into the notion of non-locality in interference. A closer examination of these experiments can guide us to develop a conceptually congruent and causal model for both the evolution of photons and the interference (diffraction) effects by adapting to the classical diffraction theory. This theory has been correctly predicting the characteristics of light whether it is star light propagating through the inter galactic space, or nano tip generated light propagating through complex nano photonic waveguides.
The physical interaction processes behind the emergence of dark and bright fringes registered by the detectors at the output of optical interferometers is explained. This knowledge should be helpful to interferometrists to make better physical interpretations of their data. The belief in mysterious “interference of single indivisible photon” will disappear once we recognize that the spatial or temporal energy re-distributions are generated by the physical transformation experienced by the detecting molecules drawing energy from all the light beams. The molecules could be photodetectors at the interferometer output, or the beam combining dielectric boundary. The superposition principle (SP), represented by the linear mathematical sum of two or more wave amplitudes, does not represent an observable phenomenon. The superposition effect (SE), represented by the non-linear square modulus of the joint dipolar stimulation of the detectors by all the superposed waves, is observable. We present two laboratory experiments to clarify these points. Both classical beam combiners and quantum detectors are capable of generating superposition fringes of intensity variations. The logic of “quantumness” of light is narrowly relevant only when a quantum detector deciphers the fringes; it is not valid for classical beam combiners. We will also discuss “entanglement” based on these experiments.
This paper proposes a physical origin for the de Broglie matter wave rooted in the indivisible completion of relational energy loops — the minimal stable structure required when reality is fundamentally relational and the quantum of action ℏ forbids infinite divisibility of processes. We argue that causally efficacious entities must form closed energy cycles to avoid free-end paradoxes and infinite-flight inconsistencies, with the smallest stable unit being one quantum of action (ℏ), manifesting as an intrinsic cycle. For massive particles, inertia arises from completed loops involving the Higgs background (via chiral handshakes for fermions). For massless particles like photons, the propagating loop itself constitutes the entity. Spin is reinterpreted as the number of loop completions per propagation step: half-cycle for fermions (spin 1/2), full cycle for photons (spin 1), and tensorial extensions for higher spins (e.g., graviton spin 2). Quantum phase tracks the instantaneous angle in the ongoing cycle, while the de Broglie frequency ω satisfies E = ℏω as the loop-completion rate. The de Broglie wave emerges as the spacetime-delocalized field of relational likelihoods — all points where an incoming energy loop can coherently complete in resonance with a detector — reconciling quantum indivisibility, relativistic causality, and interference without primitive wave–particle duality. Detection is all-or-nothing: partial loop closure is impossible, yielding either full identity (definite properties) or no event. Premature local closures produce dark matter candidates (gravitationally active but electromagnetically suppressed), while globally unresolved loops across cosmic scales contribute to dark energy via destructive interference and effective repulsion. The framework relies solely on relational ontology, action quantization, finite signal speed, and loop-closure necessity — deriving the de Broglie wave ontologically without empirical interference patterns, canonical quantization, or ad-hoc postulates. In Loop Meta-Theory (LMT), dark matter and dark energy unify as regimes of loop incompleteness.
The intention of this paper is to underscore that to understand fundamentally new properties of light beams, we must first find the limits of semi classical model to explain optical interference phenomena. We claim that we have not yet reached that limit. Careful analysis of the processes behind detecting fringes indicate that the effect of superposition of multiple optical beams can become manifest only through the mediation of the detecting dipoles. Since the detectors are quantum mechanical, (i) the observed effects are different for different detectors for the same superposed light beams, and further, (ii) they are only capable of registering discrete number of "clicks", whose rate will vary with the incident intensity. A reduced rate of "clicks" at very low intensity does not prove that light consists of indivisible packets of energy. We have also experimentally demonstrated that (i) neither Fourier synthesis, nor, (ii) Fourier decomposition actually model the behavior of EM fields under all possible circumstances. Superposed light beams of different frequencies do not synthesize a new average optical frequency. A pure amplitude modulated pulse does not contain any of the mathematical, Fourier analyzed frequencies. The QED definition of photon being a Fourier mode in the vacuum, it necessarily becomes non-local. Since we have demonstrated that the Fourier theorem has various limitations in classical physics, its indiscriminate use in quantum mechanics should also be critically reviewed.
We "see" light only when some material detectors (dipoles) respond to the incident EM field. EM fields do not operate on each other to make themselves visible to us. Superposition of multiple fields becomes manifest only when the intrinsic properties of these dipoles allow them to respond to all the superposed fields simultaneously and thereby summing the effects of all the fields. Accordingly, depending upon the different intrinsic properties of the detectors and the physical conditions of measurements (integration times, etc.) the manifestation of the "coherence" properties for the same set of superposed fields could be different. It is then prudent to represent the autocorrelation function for superposed fields in terms of the dipole undulation of the detectors rather than the fields themselves. Then the physics of the detectors and the measurement conditions automatically becomes an inherent part of the discussion on coherence. We illustrate our premise by presenting the analysis to understand the behavior of beam splitters, two-beam interferometers and an N-beam grating "interferometer" in terms of the autocorrelation functions due to a short pulse as would be experienced by the material dipoles of the beam splitters and detectors. Our approach reveals that superposition effects to become manifest the multiple fields must be physically superposed simultaneously on the detecting dipoles and hence the process is causal.