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ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)

Ion trapping techniques: laser cooling and sympathetic cooling

J. J. Bollinger, Laurence R. Brewer

Published Jan 1, 1988• 1 citation
OpenAlex

Abstract

Radiation pressure from lasers has been used to cool and compress 9Be+ ions stored in a combination of static electric and magnetic fields (Penning trap) to tem eratures less than 10 mK and densities greater than lo7 cm-q in a magnetic field of 1.4 T. A technique called sympathetic cooling can be used to transfer this cooling and compression to other ion species. ions sympathetically cooled by laser cooled 9Be+ ions is given. source vi? sympathetic cooling is also discussed. A n example of lg8Hg+ The possibility of making an ultracold positron Ion traps have been used in low energy atomic physics experiments for a period of roughly 30 years.1*2) years, however, the technique of laser cooling and compression has greatly increased the potential use of stored ions in a number of applications. One example is time and frequency standards. With the technique of laser cooling and compression, ion temperatures less than 10 mK, densities a factor of 10 less than the Brillouin limit (defined below), and essentially indefinite confinement times have been obtained. 3,4) Unfortunately, elementary charged particles (electrons, positrons, protons, etc.) can not be directly laser During the past 10

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Abstract Cooling of particles to mK-temperatures is essential for a variety of experiments with trapped charged particles. However, many species of interest lack suitable electronic transitions for direct laser cooling. We study theoretically the remote sympathetic cooling of a single proton with laser-cooled 9Be+ in a double-Penning-trap system. We investigate three different cooling schemes and find, based on analytical calculations and numerical simulations, that two of them are capable of achieving proton temperatures of about 10 mK with cooling times on the order of 10 s. In contrast, established methods such as feedback-enhanced resistive cooling with image-current detectors are limited to about 1 K in 100 s. Since the studied techniques are applicable to any trapped charged particle and allow spatial separation between the target ion and the cooling species, they enable a variety of precision measurements based on trapped charged particles to be performed at improved sampling rates and with reduced systematic uncertainties.

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Sympathetic cooling of trapped ions has been demonstrated in an experiment where $^{198}\mathrm{Hg}^{+}$ ions were confined in a Penning ion trap with laser-cooled $^{9}\mathrm{Be}^{+}$ ions. $^{198}\mathrm{Hg}^{+}$ temperatures below 1 K were achieved. Ion plasma sizes, shapes, and rotation frequencies were measured. Dramatic changes in the $^{9}\mathrm{Be}^{+}$ plasma were observed when the $^{198}\mathrm{Hg}^{+}$ ions were introduced into the trap. These observations are consistent with the prediction of centrifugal separation for ions of different charge-to-mass ratios.

Physical Review Letters•Jul 7, 1986•375 citations
Radiation pressure from lasers has been used to cool and compress 9Be+ ions stored in a combination of static electric and magnetic fields (Penning trap) to tem eratures less than 10 mK and densities greater than lo7 cm-q in a magnetic field of 1.4 T. A technique called sympathetic cooling can be used to transfer this cooling and compression to other ion species. ions sympathetically cooled by laser cooled 9Be+ ions is given. source vi? sympathetic cooling is also discussed. A n example of lg8Hg+ The possibility of making an ultracold positron Ion traps have been used in low energy atomic physics experiments for a period of roughly 30 years.1*2) years, however, the technique of laser cooling and compression has greatly increased the potential use of stored ions in a number of applications. One example is time and frequency standards. With the technique of laser cooling and compression, ion temperatures less than 10 mK, densities a factor of 10 less than the Brillouin limit (defined below), and essentially indefinite confinement times have been obtained. 3,4) Unfortunately, elementary charged particles (electrons, positrons, protons, etc.) can not be directly laser During the past 10
Abstract Cooling of particles to mK-temperatures is essential for a variety of experiments with trapped charged particles. However, many species of interest lack suitable electronic transitions for direct laser cooling. We study theoretically the remote sympathetic cooling of a single proton with laser-cooled 9Be+ in a double-Penning-trap system. We investigate three different cooling schemes and find, based on analytical calculations and numerical simulations, that two of them are capable of achieving proton temperatures of about 10 mK with cooling times on the order of 10 s. In contrast, established methods such as feedback-enhanced resistive cooling with image-current detectors are limited to about 1 K in 100 s. Since the studied techniques are applicable to any trapped charged particle and allow spatial separation between the target ion and the cooling species, they enable a variety of precision measurements based on trapped charged particles to be performed at improved sampling rates and with reduced systematic uncertainties.
Abstract Efficient cooling of trapped charged particles is essential in many fundamental physics experiments, for high-precision metrology, and for quantum technology. Until now, ion-ion coupling for sympathetic cooling or quantum state control has been limited to ion species with accessible optical transitions or has required close-range Coulomb interactions. To overcome this limitation and further develop scalable quantum control techniques, there has been a sustained desire to extend laser-cooling techniques to particles in macroscopically separated traps, opening quantum control techniques to previously inaccessible particles such as highly charged ions, molecular ions, and antimatter particles. Here, we demonstrate sympathetic cooling of a single proton by laser cooled Be+ ions stored in a spatially separated Penning trap. The two traps are connected by a superconducting LC circuit that enables energy exchange over a distance of 9 cm. We simultaneously demonstrate the cooling of a resonant mode of a macroscopic LC circuit with laser-cooled ions and sympathetic cooling of an individually trapped proton, reaching temperatures far below the environment temperature. Importantly, as this technique does not rely on the direct Coulomb interaction but rather on image-current interactions, it can be easily applied to an experiment with antiprotons, facilitating improved precision in matter-antimatter comparisons and dark matter searches.
Efficient cooling of trapped charged particles is essential to many fundamental physics experiments1,2, to high-precision metrology3,4 and to quantum technology5,6. Until now, sympathetic cooling has required close-range Coulomb interactions7,8, but there has been a sustained desire to bring laser-cooling techniques to particles in macroscopically separated traps5,9,10, extending quantum control techniques to previously inaccessible particles such as highly charged ions, molecular ions and antimatter. Here we demonstrate sympathetic cooling of a single proton using laser-cooled Be+ ions in spatially separated Penning traps. The traps are connected by a superconducting LC circuit that enables energy exchange over a distance of 9 cm. We also demonstrate the cooling of a resonant mode of a macroscopic LC circuit with laser-cooled ions and sympathetic cooling of an individually trapped proton, reaching temperatures far below the environmental temperature. Notably, as this technique uses only image–current interactions, it can be easily applied to an experiment with antiprotons1, facilitating improved precision in matter–antimatter comparisons11 and dark matter searches12,13.
We have performed laser cooling of Mg+{}^{+}+ ions confined in a Penning trap. The externally produced ions were captured in flight, stored, and laser cooled. Laser-induced fluorescence was observed perpendicular to the cooling laser axis. Optical detection down to the single-ion level together with the electronic detection of the ion oscillations inside the Penning trap have been used to acquire information on the ion storage time, ion number, and ion temperature. Evidence for the formation of ion crystals has been observed. These investigations are an important prerequisite for the sympathetic cooling of simultaneously stored highly charged ions and the precision laser spectroscopy of forbidden transitions in these.
High precision comparisons of the proton and antiproton g-factor enable stringent tests of CPT symmetry in the baryonic sector. However, current measurement routines suffer from long preparation times and high particle temperatures, which complicate the increase of the precision beyond the parts per billion regime. As a solution, new sympathetic cooling schemes based on co-trapped laser-cooled ions may be used to cool (anti-)protons to the ground state of motion and to significantly decrease particle preparation times. In addition, motional coupling to an auxiliary ion in a double-well potential can be used for the implementation of new readout schemes based on quantum logic spectroscopy for the spin-state of the (anti-)protons. This thesis describes a cryogenic Penning trap system for ground state cooling of single 9Be+ ions, which represents the latest development of the BASE experiment in Hannover towards the implementation of sympathetic cooling schemes and quantum logic spectroscopy of single (anti-)protons. Furthermore, the setup and implementation of lasers systems at 313nm for Doppler cooling, repumping and Raman interactions are described. To this end, an optical platform for laser beam delivery to the vacuum system and an optical phase-locked loop for the stabilization of the relative phase of two lasers at 313 nm are presented. In this work, the laser systems are used for measurements of the optical resonance frequencies for cooling, probing and repumping of 9Be+ ions. In addition, stimulated Raman transitions are demonstrated using two phase-locked lasers at 313nm. In the following, this technique is used for high-precision measurements of the qubit frequency and the magnetic field, as well as themometry measurements with 9Be+ ions. The temperature of the ions after Doppler cooling is measured as a function of the cooling laser parameters and a minimal axial mode temperature of 1.77(10) mK is obtained. The results of this thesis pave the way for sideband spectroscopy and ground state cooling of single 9Be+ ions in Penning traps, which is an essential prerequisite for sympathetic ground state cooling of single (anti-)protons and the application of quantum logic spectroscopy to (anti-)proton g-factor measurements in the future.
Sympathetic cooling of trapped ions has been demonstrated in an experiment where 198Hg+^{198}\mathrm{Hg}^{+}198Hg+ ions were confined in a Penning ion trap with laser-cooled 9Be+^{9}\mathrm{Be}^{+}9Be+ ions. 198Hg+^{198}\mathrm{Hg}^{+}198Hg+ temperatures below 1 K were achieved. Ion plasma sizes, shapes, and rotation frequencies were measured. Dramatic changes in the 9Be+^{9}\mathrm{Be}^{+}9Be+ plasma were observed when the 198Hg+^{198}\mathrm{Hg}^{+}198Hg+ ions were introduced into the trap. These observations are consistent with the prediction of centrifugal separation for ions of different charge-to-mass ratios.