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Quantum Entanglement and Algebraic Group Actions

Robert Furber

Published Jan 1, 2011• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

In the following we discuss how algebraic group actions can be applied to the study of quantum entanglement. The following facts are new: • A method for calculating equations for the SLOCC class of any pure state, with no restrictions on dimensions other than those imposed by computational speed. • A calculation of the equations defining the closure of one 4-partite state, as an example to illustrate the method. • To my knowledge, it has not previously been observed that SLOCC classes equal if their closure is equal, although the fact about algebraic group actions is known. • Similarly, the fact that a SLOCC class inside the closure of another must be of strictly smaller dimension. We also discuss quotients of the space of states by the action, but do not actually compute any or prove new theorems in this area.

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Matrix Pencils and Entanglement Classification1

Eric Chitambar, Carl A. Miller, Yaoyun Shi

Quantum entanglement plays a central role in quantum information processing. A main objective of the theory of quantum entanglement is to classify different types of entanglement according to their inter-convertibility through manipulations that do not require quantum communication. While bipartite entanglement is well understood in this framework, the classification of entangle-ments among three or more subsystems is inherently much more difficult. In this paper, we study pure state entanglement in systems of dimension 2 ⊗ m ⊗ n. Two states are considered equivalent if they can be reversibly converted from one to the other with a nonzero probability using only local quantum resources and classical communication (SLOCC). We introduce a connection between entanglement manipulations in these systems and the well-studied theory of matrix pencils. All previous attempts to study general SLOCC equivalence in such systems have relied on somewhat contrived techniques which fail to reveal the elegant structure of the problem that can be seen from the matrix pencil approach. Based on this method, we report the first polynomial-time algorithm for deciding when two 2⊗m ⊗ n states are SLOCC equivalent. Besides recovering the previously known 26 distinct SLOCC equivalence classes in 2 ⊗ 3 ⊗ n systems, we also determine the hierarchy between these classes.

•Aug 15, 2016•15 citations
In the following we discuss how algebraic group actions can be applied to the study of quantum entanglement. The following facts are new: • A method for calculating equations for the SLOCC class of any pure state, with no restrictions on dimensions other than those imposed by computational speed. • A calculation of the equations defining the closure of one 4-partite state, as an example to illustrate the method. • To my knowledge, it has not previously been observed that SLOCC classes equal if their closure is equal, although the fact about algebraic group actions is known. • Similarly, the fact that a SLOCC class inside the closure of another must be of strictly smaller dimension. We also discuss quotients of the space of states by the action, but do not actually compute any or prove new theorems in this area.
1. For mathematical point of view, Quantum Information Theory deals with finite dimensional Hilbert spaces, the state spaces of finite k-bipartite systems. In the case of pure k-bipartite systems, this space has the special form 2. H=V1 ⊗ ... ⊗ Vk, 3. where Vi denotes a finite dimensional state space of the ith particle of the system (most of the time, one assumes that it is a qubit, i.e. dim Vi = 2). The interesting non-classical behavior already occurs for two-qubit systems, for the so-called entangled states: the states which cannot be written in the form v1 ⊗ v2. There is no general agreement on the definition of entanglement for system with more than two parts. Klyachko has proposed to regard as entangled the states which are semi-stable for the action of the SLOCC group (G=SL(V1) × ... × SL(Vk)) in the sense of geometric invariant theory. Geometric invariant theory provides 4. methods for characterizing such states without explicitly computing the invariants. In order to test the significance of this property, we have explicitly computed the invariants in the simplest cases. 5. The non-locality properties of an entangled states does not change under unitary operations acting independently on each of its subsystem. The idea to construct entanglement measure by means of unitary invariant have been explored for example by Grassl et al. (1998), Schlienz and Mahler (1996). We have proved in 2006, that such invariants can be deduced from SLOCC-covariants. The knowledge of all the covariants and hence, the classification of the SLOCC orbits seems to be relevant in this context. However, except for simplest systems there are far too many orbits and the complete classification is out of reach. 6. 7. The aim of the series of four lectures given by Jean-Gabriel Luque and Jean-Yves Thibon is to explain a subproblem: how to compute the Hilbert series of the algebraic invariants for the pure k-qubit systems. 8. 9. In the two first lectures, Jean-Gabriel Luque will give a brief account on the symmetric functions and the characters of the symmetric groups. The first two talks will be meant for an audience of beginner in the area of symmetric functions. In the 10. two remaining lectures, Jean-Yves Thibon will explore the links between symmetric functions and Kronecker product (Lecture 3) in order to explain how to compute the Hilbert series (Lecture 4).
This paper introduces the Entanglement Dimension, a novel group invariant derived from the application of quantum information theory concepts to algebraic structures. Traditional group invariants, such as order, nilpotency class, and solvability length, offer crucial insights but often fail to distinguish between non-isomorphic groups sharing many common properties. By mapping group elements or their representations to quantum states and subsequently quantifying the entanglement present in superpositions formed from these states, we propose a new measure that captures nuanced aspects of group structure. We rigorously define the Entanglement Dimension and demonstrate its computation for various finite groups, including cyclic, dihedral, and symmetric groups. Our results indicate that this invariant can differentiate between groups previously indistinguishable by classical methods, providing a finer characterization of their internal symmetries and interactions. The Entanglement Dimension offers a fresh perspective on group theory, bridging algebraic structures with quantum mechanical principles and opening new avenues for research in both fields, particularly in areas like quantum computing and fundamental physics.
We provide a classification of entangled states that uses new discrete entanglement invariants. The invariants are defined by algebraic properties of linear maps associated with the states. We prove a theorem on a correspondence between the invariants and sets of equivalent classes of entangled states. The new method works for an arbitrary finite number of finite-dimensional state subspaces. As an application of the method, we considered a large selection of cases of three subspaces of various dimensions. We also obtain an entanglement classification of four qubits, where we find 27 fundamental sets of classes.
Abstract We classify four qubit states under SLOCC operations, that is, we classify the orbits of the group S L ( 2 , C ) 4 on the Hilbert space H 4 = ( C 2 ) ⊗ 4 . We approach the classification by realising this representation as a symmetric space of maximal rank. We first describe general methods for classifying the orbits of such a space. We then apply these methods to obtain the orbits in our special case, resulting in a complete and irredundant classification of S L ( 2 , C ) 4 -orbits on H 4 . It follows that an element of ( C 2 ) ⊗ 4 is conjugate to an element of precisely 87 classes of elements. Each of these classes either consists of one element or of a parameterised family of elements, and the elements in the same class all have equal stabiliser in S L ( 2 , C ) 4 . We also present a complete and irredundant classification of elements and stabilisers up to the action of S y m 4 ⋉ S L ( 2 , C ) 4
In quantum information theory, understanding the complexity of entangled states within the context of SLOCC (stochastic local operations and classical communications) involving d qubits (or qudits) is essential for advancing our knowledge of quantum systems. This complexity is often analyzed by classifying the states via local symmetry groups. The resulting classes can be distinguished using invariant polynomials, which serve as a measure of entanglement. This paper introduces a novel method for obtaining invariant polynomials of the smallest degrees, which significantly enhances the efficiency of characterizing SLOCC classes of entangled quantum states. Our method not only simplifies the process of identifying these classes but also provides a robust tool for analyzing the entanglement properties of complex quantum systems. As a practical application, we demonstrate the derivation of minimal degree invariants in specific cases, illustrating the effectiveness of our approach in real-world scenarios. This advancement has the potential to streamline various processes in quantum information theory, making it easier to understand, classify, and utilize entangled states effectively.
Quantum entanglement plays a central role in quantum information processing. A main objective of the theory of quantum entanglement is to classify different types of entanglement according to their inter-convertibility through manipulations that do not require quantum communication. While bipartite entanglement is well understood in this framework, the classification of entangle-ments among three or more subsystems is inherently much more difficult. In this paper, we study pure state entanglement in systems of dimension 2 ⊗ m ⊗ n. Two states are considered equivalent if they can be reversibly converted from one to the other with a nonzero probability using only local quantum resources and classical communication (SLOCC). We introduce a connection between entanglement manipulations in these systems and the well-studied theory of matrix pencils. All previous attempts to study general SLOCC equivalence in such systems have relied on somewhat contrived techniques which fail to reveal the elegant structure of the problem that can be seen from the matrix pencil approach. Based on this method, we report the first polynomial-time algorithm for deciding when two 2⊗m ⊗ n states are SLOCC equivalent. Besides recovering the previously known 26 distinct SLOCC equivalence classes in 2 ⊗ 3 ⊗ n systems, we also determine the hierarchy between these classes.