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arXiv:2111.05488 · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical

Classification of four qubit states and their stabilisers under SLOCC operations

Heiko Dietrich, Willem Adriaan de Graaf, Alessio Marrani C, Marcos Origlia

Published Jan 13, 2022• 7 citations
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Abstract

Abstract We classify four qubit states under SLOCC operations, that is, we classify the orbits of the group S L ( 2 , C ) 4 on the Hilbert space H 4 = ( C 2 ) ⊗ 4 . We approach the classification by realising this representation as a symmetric space of maximal rank. We first describe general methods for classifying the orbits of such a space. We then apply these methods to obtain the orbits in our special case, resulting in a complete and irredundant classification of S L ( 2 , C ) 4 -orbits on H 4 . It follows that an element of ( C 2 ) ⊗ 4 is conjugate to an element of precisely 87 classes of elements. Each of these classes either consists of one element or of a parameterised family of elements, and the elements in the same class all have equal stabiliser in S L ( 2 , C ) 4 . We also present a complete and irredundant classification of elements and stabilisers up to the action of S y m 4 ⋉ S L ( 2 , C ) 4

DOI
10.1088/1751-8121/ac4b13

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Abstract We classify four qubit states under SLOCC operations, that is, we classify the orbits of the group S L ( 2 , C ) 4 on the Hilbert space H 4 = ( C 2 ) ⊗ 4 . We approach the classification by realising this representation as a symmetric space of maximal rank. We first describe general methods for classifying the orbits of such a space. We then apply these methods to obtain the orbits in our special case, resulting in a complete and irredundant classification of S L ( 2 , C ) 4 -orbits on H 4 . It follows that an element of ( C 2 ) ⊗ 4 is conjugate to an element of precisely 87 classes of elements. Each of these classes either consists of one element or of a parameterised family of elements, and the elements in the same class all have equal stabiliser in S L ( 2 , C ) 4 . We also present a complete and irredundant classification of elements and stabilisers up to the action of S y m 4 ⋉ S L ( 2 , C ) 4
We construct coefficient matrices of size ${2}^{\ensuremath{\ell}}$ by ${2}^{n\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\ell}}$ associated with pure nnn-qubit states and prove the invariance of the ranks of the coefficient matrices under stochastic local operations and classical communication (SLOCC). The ranks give rise to a simple way of partitioning pure nnn-qubit states into inequivalent families and distinguishing degenerate families from one another under SLOCC. Moreover, the classification scheme via the ranks of coefficient matrices can be combined with other schemes to build a more refined classification scheme. To exemplify we classify the nine families of four qubits introduced by Verstraete et al. [Phys. Rev. A 65, 052112 (2002)] further into inequivalent subfamilies via the ranks of coefficient matrices, and as a result, we find 28 genuinely entangled families and all the degenerate classes can be distinguished up to permutations of the four qubits. We also discuss the completeness of the classification of four qubits into nine families.
1. For mathematical point of view, Quantum Information Theory deals with finite dimensional Hilbert spaces, the state spaces of finite k-bipartite systems. In the case of pure k-bipartite systems, this space has the special form 2. H=V1 ⊗ ... ⊗ Vk, 3. where Vi denotes a finite dimensional state space of the ith particle of the system (most of the time, one assumes that it is a qubit, i.e. dim Vi = 2). The interesting non-classical behavior already occurs for two-qubit systems, for the so-called entangled states: the states which cannot be written in the form v1 ⊗ v2. There is no general agreement on the definition of entanglement for system with more than two parts. Klyachko has proposed to regard as entangled the states which are semi-stable for the action of the SLOCC group (G=SL(V1) × ... × SL(Vk)) in the sense of geometric invariant theory. Geometric invariant theory provides 4. methods for characterizing such states without explicitly computing the invariants. In order to test the significance of this property, we have explicitly computed the invariants in the simplest cases. 5. The non-locality properties of an entangled states does not change under unitary operations acting independently on each of its subsystem. The idea to construct entanglement measure by means of unitary invariant have been explored for example by Grassl et al. (1998), Schlienz and Mahler (1996). We have proved in 2006, that such invariants can be deduced from SLOCC-covariants. The knowledge of all the covariants and hence, the classification of the SLOCC orbits seems to be relevant in this context. However, except for simplest systems there are far too many orbits and the complete classification is out of reach. 6. 7. The aim of the series of four lectures given by Jean-Gabriel Luque and Jean-Yves Thibon is to explain a subproblem: how to compute the Hilbert series of the algebraic invariants for the pure k-qubit systems. 8. 9. In the two first lectures, Jean-Gabriel Luque will give a brief account on the symmetric functions and the characters of the symmetric groups. The first two talks will be meant for an audience of beginner in the area of symmetric functions. In the 10. two remaining lectures, Jean-Yves Thibon will explore the links between symmetric functions and Kronecker product (Lecture 3) in order to explain how to compute the Hilbert series (Lecture 4).
Determining whether quantum states can be interconverted by a prescribed set of transformations is a fundamental problem in quantum information. Here we develop a general classification framework based on conserved operators (COs), i.e., not necessarily hermitian matrices having the state of interest as an eigenstate. We first show that COs belonging to the algebra generating the allowed transformations can be obtained from the kernel of a quantum covariance matrix. Their number determines the dimension of the accessible orbit, while their algebraic structure and eigenvalues provide further constraints on state convertibility. We establish general bounds on the number of COs and prove that highest-weight states, like separable states in the case of nnn qudits, attain the maximum. We also show how these operators generate parent Hamiltonians having the characterized state as an exact ground state. We then also consider positive zero-eigenvalue COs, which encode forbidden directions of reduced density matrices and incorporate rank-based constraints into the same framework. Applying this approach to multiqubit SLOCC, we obtain complementary classifications from algebraic and rank COs. While for n≤3n\leq 3n≤3 qubits both lead to the usual classes, for n=4n=4n=4 qubits they distinguish 17 and 20 types separately, and 29 when combined. The combined classification yields 287 fixed types and 444 continuous families for n=5n=5n=5 qubits, and 4926 fixed types and 147 continuous families for n=6n=6n=6 qubits, providing, to our knowledge, the most refined exhaustive classification of SLOCC-convertibility classes based on such data.
Quantum states that are symmetric with respect to permutations of their subsystems appear in a wide range of physical settings, and they have a variety of promising applications in quantum information science. In this thesis, the entanglement of symmetric multipartite states is categorized, with a particular focus on the pure multi-qubit case and the geometric measure of entanglement. An essential tool for this analysis is the Majorana representation, a generalization of the single-qubit Bloch sphere representation, which allows for a unique representation of symmetric n-qubit states by n points on the surface of a sphere. Here this representation is employed to search for the maximally entangled symmetric states of up to 12 qubits in terms of the geometric measure, and an intuitive visual understanding of the upper bound on the maximal symmetric entanglement is given. Furthermore, it will be seen that the Majorana representation facilitates the characterization of entanglement equivalence classes such as stochastic local operations and classical communication (SLOCC) and the degeneracy configuration (DC). It is found that SLOCC operations between symmetric states can be described by the Möbius transformations of complex analysis, which allows for a clear visualization of the SLOCC freedoms and facilitates the understanding of SLOCC invariants and equivalence classes. In particular, explicit forms of representative states for all symmetric SLOCC classes of up to five qubits are derived. Well-known entanglement classification schemes such as the four qubit entanglement families or polynomial invariants are reviewed in the light of the results gathered here, which leads to sometimes surprising connections. Some interesting links and applications of the Majorana representation to related fields of mathematics and physics are also discussed.
Permutation-symmetric n qubit pure states can be represented by n points on the surface of the unit sphere by means of the Majorana representation. Here this representation is employed to characterize and compare the three entanglement classification schemes LOCC, SLOCC and the Degeneracy Configuration. Symmetric SLOCC operations are found to be described by Mobius transformations, and an intuitive visualization of their freedoms is presented. For symmetric states of up to 5 qubits explicit forms of representative states for all SLOCC classes are derived. The symmetric 4 qubit entanglement classes are compared to the entanglement families introduced in [PRA 65, 052112 (2002)], and examples are given how the SLOCC-inequivalence of symmetric states can be quickly determined from known results about Mobius transformations.
We solve the entanglement classification under stochastic local operations and classical communication (SLOCC) for general n-qubit states. For two arbitrary pure n-qubit states connected via local operations, we establish an equation between the two coefficient matrices associated with the states. The rank of the coefficient matrix is preserved under SLOCC and gives rise to a simple way of partitioning all the pure states of n qubits into different families of entanglement classes, as exemplified here. When applied to the symmetric states, this approach reveals that all the Dicke states |ℓ,n> with ℓ=1,…,[n/2] are inequivalent under SLOCC.