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IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement

Narrow-line Doppler cooling of strontium to the recoil limit

Kurt R. Vogel, T. Dinneen, Alan C. Gallagher, J. L. Hall

Published Apr 1, 1999• 46 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Experimental results on narrow line cooling of strontium atoms are presented. Doppler cooling is performed on the /sup 1/S/sub 0/-/sup 3/P/sub 1/ intercombination transition at 689 nm resulting in temperatures near the recoil limit in a one-dimensional (1-D) optical molasses. Frequency chirp cooling is successfully demonstrated as a means of expanding the cooling range.

DOI
10.1109/19.769671

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Experimental results on narrow line cooling of strontium atoms is presented. Cooling is performed on the /sup 1/S/sub 0/-/sup 3/P/sub 1/ intercombination transition at 689 nm resulting in temperatures near the recoil limit in 1-D molasses.

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Summary form only given. All-optical production of quantum degenerate atomic gases has been one of the long-standing targets in laser cooling. We report a novel approach towards this direction based on a narrow-line laser cooling for strontium atoms. By employing two transitions with markedly different dipole moments, i.e., the allowed /sup 1/S/sub 0/-/sup 1/P/sub 1/ (/spl lambda/=461 nm, /spl gamma/=2/spl pi//spl times/32 MHz) and the spin-forbidden /sup 1/S/sub 0/-/sup 3/P/sub 1/ (/spl lambda/=689 nm, /spl gamma/=2/spl pi//spl times/7.6 kHz) transition, thermal strontium atoms were Doppler-cooled down to 400 nK or the photon recoil temperature, in a magneto-optical trap (MOT). Presents the corresponding energy levels for cooling and trapping. The use of a narrow spin-forbidden transition successfully reduced the radiation trapping effects at a high atom density over 10/sup 12//cm/sup 3/, thus enabling us to attain the hitherto high phase space density of 0.01 in a MOT.

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Near-recoil-limited temperatures obtained by laser trapping on the narrow /sup 1/S/sub 0/-/sup 3/P/sub 1/ intercombination transition of neutral strontium

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About 2/spl times/10/sup 7/ neutral strontium atoms have been loaded into a magneto-optical trap (MOT) that uses the narrow (/spl Gamma/=2/spl pi/ 7 kHz) intercombination line at 689 nm as the cycling transition. The atoms are second-stage laser cooled to /spl sim/10 /spl mu/K from an initial 5 mK atomic sample (/spl sim/5/spl times/10/sup 7/ atoms), generated in a vapor cell MOT that employs the strong (/spl Gamma/=2/spl pi/ 32 MHz) cycling transition at 461 nm. To demonstrate the low temperatures of these atoms, optical Ramsey spectroscopy is performed upon the /sup 1/S/sub 0/-/sup 3/P/sub 1/ transition using only two excitation pulses; the time dependence of the fringe contrast indicates an RMS velocity of 3 cm/s for the 689 nm MOT-cooled sample.

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The intercombination line of Strontium at 689nm is successfully used in laser cooling to reach the photon recoil limit with Doppler cooling in a magneto-optical traps (MOT). In this paper we present a systematic study of the loading efficiency of such a MOT. Comparing the experimental results to a simple model allows us to discuss the actual limitation of our apparatus. We also study in detail the final MOT regime emphasizing the role of gravity on the position, size and temperature along the vertical and horizontal directions. At large laser detuning, one finds an unusual situation where cooling and trapping occur in the presence of a high bias magnetic field.

•Apr 6, 2007•0 citations
Experimental results on narrow line cooling of strontium atoms are presented. Doppler cooling is performed on the /sup 1/S/sub 0/-/sup 3/P/sub 1/ intercombination transition at 689 nm resulting in temperatures near the recoil limit in a one-dimensional (1-D) optical molasses. Frequency chirp cooling is successfully demonstrated as a means of expanding the cooling range.
Summary form only given. All-optical production of quantum degenerate atomic gases has been one of the long-standing targets in laser cooling. We report a novel approach towards this direction based on a narrow-line laser cooling for strontium atoms. By employing two transitions with markedly different dipole moments, i.e., the allowed /sup 1/S/sub 0/-/sup 1/P/sub 1/ (/spl lambda/=461 nm, /spl gamma/=2/spl pi//spl times/32 MHz) and the spin-forbidden /sup 1/S/sub 0/-/sup 3/P/sub 1/ (/spl lambda/=689 nm, /spl gamma/=2/spl pi//spl times/7.6 kHz) transition, thermal strontium atoms were Doppler-cooled down to 400 nK or the photon recoil temperature, in a magneto-optical trap (MOT). Presents the corresponding energy levels for cooling and trapping. The use of a narrow spin-forbidden transition successfully reduced the radiation trapping effects at a high atom density over 10/sup 12//cm/sup 3/, thus enabling us to attain the hitherto high phase space density of 0.01 in a MOT.
We report on a narrow-line laser cooling and trapping of strontium atoms near quantum degeneracy. Employing a magneto-optical trap (MOT) on the spin-forbidden transition 1S0−3P1 at 689 nm, we have laser-cooled an atomic sample down to the photon recoil temperature of 400 nK with a phase space density of 10−2. The atoms were then compressed into a new type of far-off resonance optical dipole trap that was designed to allow simultaneous Doppler cooling, resulting in a phase space density of 10% to that required for quantum degeneracy. It is shown that this value is finally limited by light-assisted collisions occurring in the optical cooling. To reduce these inelastic losses, we applied evaporative cooling and demonstrated a creation of two-dimensional atomic gases.
We report narrow-line laser cooling and trapping of strontium atoms down to the photon recoil temperature. 88Sr{}^{88}\mathrm{Sr}88Sr atoms precooled by the broad $^{1}S_{0}\ensuremath{-}^{1}P_{1}$ transition at 461 nm were further cooled in a magneto-optical trap using the spin-forbidden transition $^{1}S_{0}\ensuremath{-}^{3}P_{1}$ at 689 nm. We have thus obtained an atomic sample with a density over ${10}^{12}\mathrm{cm}{}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ and a minimum temperature of 400 nK, corresponding to a maximum phase space density of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ which is 3 orders of magnitude larger than the value that has been obtained by magneto-optical traps to date. This scheme provides us an opportunity and system to study quantum statistical properties of degenerate fermions as well as bosons.
About 2/spl times/10/sup 7/ neutral strontium atoms have been loaded into a magneto-optical trap (MOT) that uses the narrow (/spl Gamma/=2/spl pi/ 7 kHz) intercombination line at 689 nm as the cycling transition. The atoms are second-stage laser cooled to /spl sim/10 /spl mu/K from an initial 5 mK atomic sample (/spl sim/5/spl times/10/sup 7/ atoms), generated in a vapor cell MOT that employs the strong (/spl Gamma/=2/spl pi/ 32 MHz) cycling transition at 461 nm. To demonstrate the low temperatures of these atoms, optical Ramsey spectroscopy is performed upon the /sup 1/S/sub 0/-/sup 3/P/sub 1/ transition using only two excitation pulses; the time dependence of the fringe contrast indicates an RMS velocity of 3 cm/s for the 689 nm MOT-cooled sample.
The intercombination line of Strontium at 689nm is successfully used in laser cooling to reach the photon recoil limit with Doppler cooling in a magneto-optical traps (MOT). In this paper we present a systematic study of the loading efficiency of such a MOT. Comparing the experimental results to a simple model allows us to discuss the actual limitation of our apparatus. We also study in detail the final MOT regime emphasizing the role of gravity on the position, size and temperature along the vertical and horizontal directions. At large laser detuning, one finds an unusual situation where cooling and trapping occur in the presence of a high bias magnetic field.