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Physical Review Letters

Recoil-Limited Laser Cooling of Sr87 Atoms near the Fermi Temperature

Takashi Mukaiyama, Hidetoshi Katori, T. Ido, Ying Li, Makoto Kuwata‐Gonokami

Published Mar 20, 2003• 131 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A dynamic magneto-optical trap, which relies on the rapid randomization of population in Zeeman substates, has been demonstrated for fermionic strontium atoms on the $^{1}S_{0}\ensuremath{-}^{3}P_{1}$ intercombination transition. The obtained sample, $1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}$ atoms at a temperature of $2\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{K}$ in the trap, was further Doppler cooled and polarized in a far-off resonant optical lattice to achieve 2 times the Fermi temperature.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.90.113002

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A dynamic magneto-optical trap, which relies on the rapid randomization of population in Zeeman substates, has been demonstrated for fermionic strontium atoms on the 1S0\ensuremath−3P1^{1}S_{0}\ensuremath{-}^{3}P_{1}1S0​\ensuremath−3P1​ intercombination transition. The obtained sample, 1\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi1061\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}1\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi106 atoms at a temperature of 2 \ensuremathμK2\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{K}2 \ensuremathμK in the trap, was further Doppler cooled and polarized in a far-off resonant optical lattice to achieve 2 times the Fermi temperature.
We report narrow-line laser cooling and trapping of strontium atoms down to the photon recoil temperature. 88Sr{}^{88}\mathrm{Sr}88Sr atoms precooled by the broad $^{1}S_{0}\ensuremath{-}^{1}P_{1}$ transition at 461 nm were further cooled in a magneto-optical trap using the spin-forbidden transition $^{1}S_{0}\ensuremath{-}^{3}P_{1}$ at 689 nm. We have thus obtained an atomic sample with a density over ${10}^{12}\mathrm{cm}{}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ and a minimum temperature of 400 nK, corresponding to a maximum phase space density of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ which is 3 orders of magnitude larger than the value that has been obtained by magneto-optical traps to date. This scheme provides us an opportunity and system to study quantum statistical properties of degenerate fermions as well as bosons.
About 2/spl times/10/sup 7/ neutral strontium atoms have been loaded into a magneto-optical trap (MOT) that uses the narrow (/spl Gamma/=2/spl pi/ 7 kHz) intercombination line at 689 nm as the cycling transition. The atoms are second-stage laser cooled to /spl sim/10 /spl mu/K from an initial 5 mK atomic sample (/spl sim/5/spl times/10/sup 7/ atoms), generated in a vapor cell MOT that employs the strong (/spl Gamma/=2/spl pi/ 32 MHz) cycling transition at 461 nm. To demonstrate the low temperatures of these atoms, optical Ramsey spectroscopy is performed upon the /sup 1/S/sub 0/-/sup 3/P/sub 1/ transition using only two excitation pulses; the time dependence of the fringe contrast indicates an RMS velocity of 3 cm/s for the 689 nm MOT-cooled sample.
We report on a narrow-line laser cooling and trapping of strontium atoms near quantum degeneracy. Employing a magneto-optical trap (MOT) on the spin-forbidden transition 1S0−3P1 at 689 nm, we have laser-cooled an atomic sample down to the photon recoil temperature of 400 nK with a phase space density of 10−2. The atoms were then compressed into a new type of far-off resonance optical dipole trap that was designed to allow simultaneous Doppler cooling, resulting in a phase space density of 10% to that required for quantum degeneracy. It is shown that this value is finally limited by light-assisted collisions occurring in the optical cooling. To reduce these inelastic losses, we applied evaporative cooling and demonstrated a creation of two-dimensional atomic gases.
The secondary laser cooling of a cloud of strontium-88 atoms on the 1 S 0–3 P 1 (689 nm) intercombination transition captured into a magneto-optical trap has been demonstrated. We describe in detail the recapture of atoms from the primary trap operating on the strong 1 S 0–1 P 1 (461 nm) transition and determine the recapture coefficient κ, the number of atoms, and their temperature in the secondary trap as a function of experimental parameters. A temperature of 2 µK has been reached in the secondary trap at the recapture coefficient κ = 6%, which confirms the secondary cooling efficiency and is sufficient to perform metrological measurements of the 1 S 0–3 P 1 (698 nm) clock transition in an optical lattice.
Employing a far-off resonance optical-dipole trap (FORT), we attained a phase-space density exceeding 0.1, or an order to quantum degeneracy. Strontium atoms were magneto-optically cooled and trapped using the spin-forbidden ${}^{1}{S}_{0}{\ensuremath{-}}^{3}{P}_{1}$ transition and then compressed into a FORT that was designed to allow simultaneous Doppler cooling. We discussed that the phase-space density was finally limited by the light-assisted collisions occurring in the optical cooling.
A steady-state magneto-optical trap (MOT) of fermionic strontium atoms operating on the 7.5-kHz7.5\text{-kHz}7.5-kHz-wide $^{1}S_{0}\text{\ensuremath{-}}^{3}P_{1}$ transition is demonstrated. This MOT contains $8.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{7}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{atoms}$, a loading rate of $1.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{7}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{atoms}/\mathrm{s}$, and an average temperature of $12\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{K}$. These parameters make it well suited to serve as a source of atoms for continuous-wave superradiant lasers operating on strontium's mHz-wide clock transition. Such lasers have only been demonstrated using pulsed Sr sources, limiting their range of applications. Our MOT makes an important step toward continuous operation of these devices, paving the way for continuous active optical clocks.