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IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications

Secure communications by optical homodyne

Willard H. Wells, Russel Stone, E. Miles

Published Jun 1, 1993• 28 citations
Publisher

Abstract

It is shown that optical homodyne techniques offer a family of schemes for secure communications. Following some background in secure optical communications, a particular scheme is described and compared to cryptography. The scrambler built is also described, and security is discussed. Experimental results for point-to-point links in single-mode polarization-maintaining fibers are presented. Various enhancements and network compatibility are analyzed.>

DOI
10.1109/49.223879

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It is shown that optical homodyne techniques offer a family of schemes for secure communications. Following some background in secure optical communications, a particular scheme is described and compared to cryptography. The scrambler built is also described, and security is discussed. Experimental results for point-to-point links in single-mode polarization-maintaining fibers are presented. Various enhancements and network compatibility are analyzed.>
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Abstract The paper presents some secure optical network models. The security of the models is achieved using quantum cryptographic-key distribution. Both point-topoint and multiple-access broadcast networks are considered. In the modeling of these networks, the simplicity, generality and flexibility are highly maintained. This enables the efficient use of these models for software simulation purposes. Each secure optical communication network model is assumed to be composed of N communication nodes (stations) that are connected by fiber-optic links. Some hardware requirements are briefly explained. Also, samples of simulation results for these network models are presented.
Quantum laws can be used to implement secure communication channels; this has been named quantum cryptography. In quantum cryptography the security does not depend of limited computational power, but is inherent to the laws that govern the propagation and detection of single and entangled photons. We show how single and entangled photon-pairs can be efficiently generated using four-wave mixing in optical fibers. We analyze the source statistics, degree of entanglement and impact of spontaneous Raman scattering. By coding information in the photons polarization we are able to transmit quantum information over 20 km of standard single mode fiber.
The secure distribution of the secret random bit sequences known as `key' material, is an essential precursor to their use for the encryption and decryption of confidential communications. Quantum cryptography is an emerging technology for secure key distribution with single-photon transmissions: Heisenburg's uncertainty principle ensures that an adversary can neither successfully tap the key transmissions, nor evade detection (eavesdropping raises the key error rate above a threshold value). We have developed experimental quantum cryptography systems based on the transmission of non-orthogonal single-photon states to generate shared key material over multi-kilometer optical fiber paths and over line-of-sight links. In both cases, key material is built up using the transmission of a single- photon per bit of an initial secret random sequence. A quantum-mechanically random subset of this sequence is identified, becoming the key material after a data reconciliation stage with the sender. In our optical fiber experiment we have performed quantum key distribution over 24-km of underground optical fiber using single-photon interference states, demonstrating that secure, real-time key generation over `open' multi-km node-to-node optical fiber communications links is possible.
Dense wavelength division multiplexing optical networks transport a huge aggregate traffic exceeding Tbps per single fiber, and passive optical network technology has been extended to include the residential and enterprise network layer with fiber-to-the premises. Because this network allows for multimedia and extremely high data rates to end-users, optical communications security is important not only on the client and the node management layers, but also on the physical layer. Thus, cyber-security becomes also important in optical networks, including unbreakable cipher keys, cipher key distribution, identification of malicious actors, source authentication, physical link signature, and countermeasure strategies. In this paper we overview the security of the WDM optical network. We discuss advanced cryptographic methods that stem from quantum mechanics, known as quantum cryptography, and we identify specific vulnerabilities. We also look into the security of the next-generation optical network.