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Applied Optics

Optical bistability, photonic logic, and optical computation

Stuart D. Smith

Published May 15, 1986• 126 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This paper presents new results and reviews the latest state of research in all-optical nonlinear logic switches, amplifiers, and memories. Optical circuit elements that perform the logic functions of the electronic computer are described. Switching speed on a picosecond time scale, the availability of fast high bandwidth consistent communication, and the application of optical parallelism in free space optical wiring are some advantages of the optical computing elements.

DOI
10.1364/ao.25.001550

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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE•Feb 13, 1986•1 citation
This paper presents new results and reviews the latest state of research in all-optical nonlinear logic switches, amplifiers, and memories. Optical circuit elements that perform the logic functions of the electronic computer are described. Switching speed on a picosecond time scale, the availability of fast high bandwidth consistent communication, and the application of optical parallelism in free space optical wiring are some advantages of the optical computing elements.
An extensive experimental and theoretical programme in our laboratory and in conjunction with a number of other European laboratories has now developed a series of optical circuit elements including optically bistable switches capable of steady state cw (operation) combined with external address for both visible and infrared wavelengths. The devices are sufficiently controllable that the characteristics may be varied to give bistable switches, bistable memories, latchable gates, resettable gates or analogue amplifying elements or transphasors.
The nonlinear phenomenon known as optical bistability, which enables optical systems to maintain two stable output states for a single input, is thoroughly examined in this review article. Through a detailed analysis of two important devices—the Simple Fiber Ring (SFR) resonator and the Nonlinear Optical Loop Mirror (NOLM)—it investigates the basic concepts of optical bistability, namely nonlinearity and feedback. Numerical simulations demonstrating dynamic dynamics and stability conditions bolster a strong theoretical framework. Recent advancements in bistable optical technologies, including developments in epsilon-near-zero materials, silicon photonics, hybrid plasmonic structures, neuromorphic photonics, and AI-driven photonic processors are also discussed. Furthermore, this review highlights emerging applications of optical bistability in optical logic circuits, high-speed communication, and quantum information processing. This review work is a useful tool for researchers and engineers creating next-generation optical systems because it connects theoretical insights with cutting-edge technological developments.
We review our recent progress on all-optical switching and bistability using ultrahigh-Q photonic crystal nanocavities. We also discuss all-optical logic gate operations. Because photonic crystal nanocavities can strongly confine photons in a small area for a long time, light can efficiently interact with dipoles. As a result, optical nonlinearities occur at a very low input. Optical nonlinearities are essential as regards all-optical switching and bistability, because they dynamically change such material properties as refractive index. We demonstrate all-optical switching at an operating energy of less than 100 fJ, and bistable operation at less than ~100 μW. In addition, these devices are small and so can operate at a reasonably high speed (~100 ps).