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Journal of the Optical Society of America B

Pulsed squeezed-light generation in χ^(2) nonlinear waveguides

Matthew E. Anderson, D. F. McAlister, Michael G. Raymer, Mool C. Gupta

Published Nov 1, 1997• 38 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present a brief history of experimental studies of quadrature squeezing, a tutorial on the physical origin and theory of squeezing, and our experimental study of squeezing by means of χ(2) (second-order) nonlinear waveguides. We recently obtained 28% squeezing in quasi-phase-matched LiTaO3 waveguides, using picosecond pulses. The amount of squeezing appears to be limited primarily by blue-light-induced red absorption.

DOI
10.1364/josab.14.003180

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We present a brief history of experimental studies of quadrature squeezing, a tutorial on the physical origin and theory of squeezing, and our experimental study of squeezing by means of χ(2) (second-order) nonlinear waveguides. We recently obtained 28% squeezing in quasi-phase-matched LiTaO3 waveguides, using picosecond pulses. The amount of squeezing appears to be limited primarily by blue-light-induced red absorption.
Nonlinear optical waveguides hold promise as parametric amplifiers and as sources of quadrature-squeezed light. The confinement of the pump field drastically increases the efficiency of the nonlinear conversion. In addition, the control of the spatial mode profiles by the waveguide geometry should diminish the effect of gain-induced diffraction, which has been seen to limit the amount of attainable squeezing in bulk parametric crystals.1 Using subpicosecond laser pulses, we have observed parametric gain as well as quadrature squeezing in a quasi-phase matched KTP waveguide.
It is shown that coherent quantum simultons (simultaneous solitary waves at two different frequencies) can undergo quadrature-phase squeezing as they propagate through a dispersive ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{(2)}$ waveguide. This requires a treatment of the coupled quantized fields including a quantized depleted pump field. A technique involving nonlinear stochastic parabolic partial differential equations using a nondiagonal coherent state representation in combination with an exact Wigner representation on a reduced phase space is outlined. We explicitly demonstrate that group-velocity matched ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{(2)}$ waveguides which exhibit collinear propagation can produce quadrature-phase squeezed simultons. Quasi-phase-matched KTP waveguides, even with their large group-velocity mismatch between fundamental and second harmonic at 425 nm, can produce 3 dB squeezed bright pulses at 850 nm in the large phase-mismatch regime. This can be improved to more than 6 dB by using group-velocity matched waveguides.
Squeezed states of light enable enhanced measurement precision by reducing noise below the standard quantum limit. A key application of squeezed light is nonlinear microscopy, where state-of-the-art performance is limited by photodamage and quantum-limited noise. Such microscopes require bright, pulsed light for optimal operation, yet generating and detecting bright pulsed squeezing at high levels remains challenging. In this work, we present an efficient technique to generate high levels of bright picosecond pulsed squeezed light using a χ2χ^2χ2 optical parametric amplification process in a waveguide. We measure −3.2 dB-3.2~\mathrm{dB}−3.2 dB of bright squeezing with optical power compatible with nonlinear microscopy, as well as −3.6 dB-3.6~\mathrm{dB}−3.6 dB of vacuum squeezing. Corrected for losses, these squeezing levels correspond to −15.4−8.7+2.7 dB-15.4^{+2.7}_{-8.7}~\mathrm{dB}−15.4−8.7+2.7​ dB of squeezing generated in the waveguide. The measured level of bright amplitude pulsed squeezing is to our knowledge the highest reported to date, and will contribute to the broader adoption of quantum-enhanced nonlinear microscopy in biological studies.
We report on the waveguide-based generation of pulsed squeezed light at 795 nm, suitable for quantum enhanced measurements with rubidium atoms. Pulsed ultraviolet second harmonic light with a power of more than 400 mW is produced using a periodically poled LiNbO3 (PPLN) waveguide and is injected into another PPLN waveguide to generate quadrature squeezing. We find that the phase of the second harmonic pulse is shifted within a pulse, and we attribute the shift to heating due to blue-light induced infrared absorption (BLIIRA) from a comparison between the experiment and a numerical simulation. A squeezing level of −1.5(1) dB is observed in homodyne detection when we apply a linear phase shift to the local oscillator. The experiment and simulation imply that the squeezing level can be further improved by reducing BLIIRA.