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Journal of the Optical Society of America B

Numerical and analytical modeling of polarization-dependent gain in erbium-doped fiber amplifiers

Roland Leners, Thierry Georges

Published Oct 1, 1995• 10 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present a rate-equation model that accounts for polarization hole burning in erbium-doped fiber amplifiers. This model yields analytical expressions for the polarization sensitivity of the amplifier for arbitrary signal polarization states. We investigate the influence of the birefringence properties of the fiber and calculate the average polarization properties of an amplifier chain.

DOI
10.1364/josab.12.001942

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Polarization hole burning, PHB, has been observed in erbium doped fiber amplifiers[1]. PHB is an anisotropic saturation created when a polarized saturating signal is launched into the erbium doped fiber. A corresponding anisotropic gain is also created. The gain, measured with a weak probe, is found to be larger for a probe polarized orthogonal to the saturating signal compared to a probe polarized parallel to the saturating signal. The effect is typically expressed as the gain difference, δG, (in dB) for the two probe polarizations.

Optical Amplifiers and Their Applications•Jan 1, 1994•9 citations
We present a rate-equation model that accounts for polarization hole burning in erbium-doped fiber amplifiers. This model yields analytical expressions for the polarization sensitivity of the amplifier for arbitrary signal polarization states. We investigate the influence of the birefringence properties of the fiber and calculate the average polarization properties of an amplifier chain.
The effects of erbium anisotropy in erbium-doped fiber lasers, sources, and amplifiers are examined. Starting from basic ion properties, inversion and gain equations are derived analytically to describe polarization dependencies. A novel matrix form of the Er/sup 3+/ rate equations is presented to propagate powers and polarization states. These equations are then numerically integrated and compared to experimentally observed polarization hole burning and polarization dependent gain. The theoretical predictions agree strongly with experiment in all cases.
In Er-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA), ASE polarized orthogonal to a saturating signal experiences more gain than ASE with the same polarization as the saturating signal.1 The accumulated enhancement of orthogonal ASE degrades the performance of long systems.1,2 This effect has been observed in single EDFAs using differential measurement techniques.3,4 A computer model of polarization hole-burning (PHB) has been presented.5 It postulates that each ion has an ellipsoid-like surface representing the emission and absorption cross-sections. The ratio of the major to minor cross-sections is the anisotropy parameter:
One component of polarization-dependent gain (PDG) in optical amplifiers has been shown to originate from polarization hole burning (PHB) in the erbium fibers.1 In this paper we quantify its magnitude for copumped amplifiers under operating conditions typical of those used in long-haul amplified systems. We find that PDG can be significant, even when the polarization state of the signal is circular, and that hole burning due to the polarization of the 1480-nm pump laser contributes significantly to the overall polarization-dependent gain of the fiber.
Polarization hole burning, PHB, has been observed in erbium doped fiber amplifiers[1]. PHB is an anisotropic saturation created when a polarized saturating signal is launched into the erbium doped fiber. A corresponding anisotropic gain is also created. The gain, measured with a weak probe, is found to be larger for a probe polarized orthogonal to the saturating signal compared to a probe polarized parallel to the saturating signal. The effect is typically expressed as the gain difference, δG, (in dB) for the two probe polarizations.