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International Journal of Modern Physics A

CANONICAL PHASES AND QUANTUM CONNECTION

Hiroshi Kuratsuji

Published Jul 30, 1992• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to give a somewhat expanded argument of the concept of the canonical phase recently investigated. This newly identified phase is considered to be a nonintegrable phase defined over the generalized phase space which is regarded as an integral realization of a “quantum (Hilbert) connection.” We formulate the theory in terms of the coherent state path integral. A particular interest is focused on the topological quantization in connection with the representation of compact Lie group and its application to the many-particle problem. We also examine the geometric characteristics of the canonical phase by using a spin model.

DOI
10.1142/s0217751x92002076

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The purpose of this paper is to give a somewhat expanded argument of the concept of the canonical phase recently investigated. This newly identified phase is considered to be a nonintegrable phase defined over the generalized phase space which is regarded as an integral realization of a “quantum (Hilbert) connection.” We formulate the theory in terms of the coherent state path integral. A particular interest is focused on the topological quantization in connection with the representation of compact Lie group and its application to the many-particle problem. We also examine the geometric characteristics of the canonical phase by using a spin model.
We show that the non-integrable phase defined over the generalized phase space, which is called the canonical phase, yields the topological quantization that reveals the connection with the irreducible representation of a certain class of compact Lie groups. Although this consequence by itself is already known in mathematics under the general scheme named geometric quantization, it has not yet been fully appreciated in physics except for some specific problems. The descriptive technique adopted here seems fresh enough to commit itself to the topological aspect of quantum mechanics even including quantum field theory.
The definition and interpretation of canonical, phase space path integrals has evolved over many years to achieve a form that now admits a correct and rigorous formulation, which is also covariant under canonical coordinate transformations. Such formulations involve coherent state representations, which, in their modern version, were originally introduced as an alternative tool to construct phase space path integrals. Moreover, coherent state representations lead to physical interpretations that are more natural than those afforded by more traditional representations. Suitable continuous time regularization procedures lead to a covariant phase space path integral formulation that greatly clarifies the vague phrase that canonical quantization requires Cartesian coordinates.
Coherent quantum physics is quantum physics in terms of a coherent space and an appropriate coherent product. The kinematical structure and the meaning of the quantities are given by the symmetries (invertible coherent maps) of the coherent space. If Z is a coherent manifold, a canonical symplectic form is often canonically determined by the coherent product through the coherent action principle discussed in Section 6.1. In a quantum mechanical context, Z is indeed a classical phase space or an extended phase space-typically a symplectic manifold, a Poisson manifold, or a circle or line bundle over such a manifold that incorporates the classical action variable (encoding the Berry phase under quantization). For example, the Aharonov-Bohm effect [3] needs the bundle formulation. A coherent space and its quantum space provide a classical and a quantum view of the same physical system, discussed in Section 6.2. Section 6.3 shows that symmetries of coherent spaces can be quantized, that is, promoted to linear operators on the quantum space. This leads to quantum dynamics, which in special (completely integrable) situations can be solved in closed form in terms of classical motions on the underlying coherent space, if the latter has a compatible manifold structure. Close relations to concepts from geometric quantization and Kähler manifolds are pointed out in Section 6.4. In order that the quantum space of a coherent space Z can describe physics, one needs not only a distinguished class of coherent states but a more general concept of state. In Sections 6.5-6.6, we give a general abstract setting for states in Lie ∗-algebras, emphasize the essential mathematical features and the close analogy between classical and quantum physics. We illustrate these generalities with a number of examples in Section 6.7. The coherent action principle is put to use in Section 6.8 for numerical quantum physics and an application to quantum chaos. Spectral issues can, in favorable cases, be handled in terms of dynamical Lie algebras, discussed in Section 6.9.
The general formalism for path integrals expressed in terms of an arbitrary continuous representation (generalized coherent states) is applied to give ccc-number formulations for the canonical algebra and for the spin algebra, and is used to derive meaningful stationary-phase approximations for these two cases. Some clarification of a recent discussion by Jevicki and Papanicolaou for the spin case is given.
Path integrals are by and large defined directly in terms of the configuration space representation of the quantum entity's degrees of freedom and employ the Lagrangian description of the quantum entity; most of the path integrals in this book follow this approach. The Hamiltonian provides another independent approach for defining path integrals and is discussed in this chapter. Two important path integrals, which are directly based on the Hamiltonian, are the following: (a) one that is defined on the degree of freedom's phase space , defined as the tensor product of the degree of freedom space and its canonical conjugate momentum space; and (b) path integrals using the coherent state basis instead of the coordinate basis. Path integrals defined on phase space, or for coherent states, are both based on the Hamiltonian. To put in the foreground the role of the Hamiltonian in quantum mechanics, the canonical equations connecting the Lagrangian to the Hamiltonian are discussed. A brief review of Hamiltonian mechanics, also called the canonical equations, is given in Section 5.1 and the connection of symmetries with conservation laws is discussed in Section 5.2. The Hamiltonian is derived from the Lagrangian in Section 5.3, for both Minkowski and Euclidean time. Phase space path integrals are defined in Section 5.4. Canonical quantization based on the Poisson brackets is discussed in Section 5.5, and Dirac brackets required for quantizing constrained systems are derived in Section 5.7. Coherent states and their path integrals are discussed in Sections 5.10 to 5.14.
Path integral in the representation of coherent state for the simplest semisimple Lie group SU(2) and its classical consequences are investigated. Using the completeness relation of the coherent state, we derive a path integral expression for the transition amplitude which connects a pair of SU(2) coherent states. In the classical limit we arrive at a canonical equation of motion in a ’’curved phase space’’ (two-dimensional sphere) which reproduces the ordinary Euler’s equation of a rigid body when applied to a rotator.