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International Conference on Consumer Electronics, Communications and Networks (CECNet)

Satellite quantum communication system based on quantum repeating

Xiaohui Liu, Min Nie, Changxing Pei

Published Apr 1, 2011• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In order to assure to obtain the higher reliability in long distance transmission of quantum information, it is necessary to use the quantum repeating technology in long distance transmission communication system. In this paper, the quantum repeating theory in free space is discussed and the scheme of quantum repeating based on quantum entanglement is presented. Based on the scheme of quantum repeating, the new quantum satellite communication system is presented and the throughput of the quantum satellite communication system is discussed.

DOI
10.1109/cecnet.2011.5768725

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In order to assure to obtain the higher reliability in long distance transmission of quantum information, it is necessary to use the quantum repeating technology in long distance transmission communication system. In this paper, the quantum repeating theory in free space is discussed and the scheme of quantum repeating based on quantum entanglement is presented. Based on the scheme of quantum repeating, the new quantum satellite communication system is presented and the throughput of the quantum satellite communication system is discussed.
In order to construct global quantum communication networks, we proposed the model of quantum satellite communications based on the distribution of entangled three-photon pairs. The entangled three-photon pairs are distributed to quantum ground stations, users, and satellites by an entangled photons preparation center. By performing a Bell-state measurement, the quantum communication links between different users is established first. The scheme of quantum repeating satellite based on the model is discussed and user splicing signaling process is presented then. The throughput of the system is analyzed. Simulation results show that the throughput of the system can help us to achieve long-distance quantum communications. Therefore, it can be used to build a global quantum communication network.
A scheme of long-distance quantum communication system based on entangled photon pairs is presented,which utilize entanglement as its essential resource.This entanglement enables phenomena such as quantum teleportation and perfectly secure quantum communication.The quantum repeater extends the length of the entangled photon pairs with high fidelity,the entanglement of photons between sender and receiver is built by entanglement swapping and entanglement purification.The quantum information is transferred by the principle of quantum teleportation.Performance analysis results show that the throughput quantum communication system of increases greatly with higher probabilities with which entanglement is built between sender's photons and receiver's photons.The transmitting distance of the quantum signal was determined by the series of the quantum repeater nodes.
The realization of the quantum internet as an interconnected network of quantum hardware requires the distribution of entanglement over long distances. Due to the exponential photon loss in optical fibers, the necessary communication rates for end-user applications cannot be achieved if direct links over several hundred kilometers are required. Two possible solutions to increase the link distance are the implementation of quantum repeaters and the use of free-space optical satellite links. A natural extension would be to combine both approaches, by using satellites as quantum repeater nodes and take advantage of the low losses in free-space. However, due to the higher technological requirements for space-based technologies and the already low communications losses in free-space, it is not yet clear whether satellite- based quantum repeaters can lead to an additional improvement in the communication rate. Here we show for which operating scenarios a satellite-based quantum repeater outperforms a single satellite for entanglement distribution. To this end, we developed a satellite simulation software that includes a model of the optical link model and of entanglement swapping in order to analyze entanglement distribution rates of the satellite-based quantum repeater and single satellite. The simulation captures important effects such as the single-mode fiber coupling efficiency, adaptive optics corrections, decoherence and decay of information in the quantum memory as well as its retrieval efficiency. Based on these effects, we show advantages and challenges of satellite constellations for quantum communications in low, medium and geosynchronous orbits.
Academia, governments, and industry around the world are on a quest to build long-distance quantum communication networks for a future quantum internet. Using air and fiber channels, quantum communication quickly faced the daunting challenge of exponential photon loss with distance. Quantum repeaters were invented to solve the loss problem by probabilistically establishing entanglement over short distances and using quantum memories to synchronize the teleportation of such entanglement to long distances. However, due to imperfections and complexities of quantum memories, ground-based proof-of-concept repeater demonstrations have yet been restricted to metropolitan-scale distances. In contrast, direct photon transmission from satellites through empty space faces almost no exponential absorption loss and only quadratic beam divergence loss. A single satellite successfully distributed entanglement over more than 1,200 km. It is becoming increasingly clear that quantum communication over large intercontinental distances (e.g., 4,000–20,000 km) will likely employ a satellite-based architecture. This could involve quantum memories and repeater protocols in satellites, or memory-less satellite-chains through which photons are simply reflected, or some combination thereof. Rapid advancements in the space launch and classical satellite communications industry provide a strong tailwind for satellite quantum communication, promising economical and easier deployment of quantum communication satellites.
In the next years we have to handle the problems originated from the decreasing size of microchips. As everyday life is getting faster it requires researchers and engineers to respond to the growing needs. In telecommunication applications one of the most crucial issue to solve is how to transmit as many bytes at a given frequency in a second as possible. One way to determine the system’s efficiency is to measure the number of bytes sent per second. In this chapter we presented the base of quantum mechanic based communication. We showed that there exist already algorithms to solve problems which are very difficult to be solved by traditional computers. The quantum theory has appeared in satellite communications offering answers for some of nowadays’ technical questions. We introduced two solutions which can be useful in redundancy-free communications. One of the primary requirements of long-distance and free-space quantum communication is the capability of the effective transmission of quantum states in non-ideal, noisy environments. The free-space and satellite quantum channel could be the way to increase significantly the distance limit of current quantum communication systems. The current earthbound freespace quantum channels have the advantage in that they can be combined with satellite quantum communication. In the future, we will be able to overcome the current distance limits in quantum communication by transmitting EPR-states from space to Earth.
Long-distance quantum communication is one of the most important tasks in quantum information science. It contains two main motivations: one is the fundamental interests, and the other is the practical requirements. The physical distance of quantum communication over free-space channel has been extended from several meters in the lab to 1000 km through satellite. In this mini-review, we emphasize the progress made toward the global quantum network, mainly following the world’s first satellite-to-Earth quantum communication in 2017. This includes the development of commercial small-scale quantum satellite constellations and high-orbit satellites capable of all-time coverage, as well as the feasibility of quantum communication network. On this basis, we then discussed the possibility of cross-application of free-space quantum communication technology in fundamental physics, precision measurement, and even astronomical observations. Free-space quantum communication presents both challenges and opportunities, playing a crucial role in the future global quantum network.