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IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity

SFQ Multiplexed Signal Processing Circuits for STJ Photon Detector Arrays

Hiroaki Myoren, Yu Yoshizawa, Tohru Taino

Published Jun 1, 2009• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We have been studying single flux quantum (SFQ) digital signal processing (DSP) circuits for superconducting tunnel junction (STJ) photon detector arrays. The proposed DSP circuit consists of a binary tree of multiplexers, a time counter, a binary counter, and a readout memory. Each multiplexer was designed such that the first arriving SFQ pulse train connects to the binary counter until the time counter reaches a set value. The time counter is set to a sufficiently long time compared with the response time of STJ photon detector. After processing the multiplexer, SFQ pulses are integrated by the binary counter. The number of integrated SFQ pulses is proportional to the number of quasi-particles generated by photon irradiation in an STJ. After the time counter reaches the set value, the time counter generates a set SFQ pulse to set the multiplexer in the ready state, the integrated value is sent to the readout memory and then the binary counter is reset. The binary tree of multiplexers could be extended to have address bits for photon imaging using an STJ array. One key component of the proposed DSP circuit was fabricated and its operation using an on-chip clock generator was successfully demonstrated.

DOI
10.1109/tasc.2009.2017947

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We have been studying single flux quantum (SFQ) digital signal processing (DSP) circuits for superconducting tunnel junction (STJ) photon detector arrays. The proposed DSP circuit consists of a binary tree of multiplexers, a time counter, a binary counter, and a readout memory. Each multiplexer was designed such that the first arriving SFQ pulse train connects to the binary counter until the time counter reaches a set value. The time counter is set to a sufficiently long time compared with the response time of STJ photon detector. After processing the multiplexer, SFQ pulses are integrated by the binary counter. The number of integrated SFQ pulses is proportional to the number of quasi-particles generated by photon irradiation in an STJ. After the time counter reaches the set value, the time counter generates a set SFQ pulse to set the multiplexer in the ready state, the integrated value is sent to the readout memory and then the binary counter is reset. The binary tree of multiplexers could be extended to have address bits for photon imaging using an STJ array. One key component of the proposed DSP circuit was fabricated and its operation using an on-chip clock generator was successfully demonstrated.
Superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) based on NbN nanowires possess properties such as high counting rate, low dark count rate and small timing jitter, which are promising characteristics for a quantum key distribution system. An SSPD array has recently attracted attention, because it can provide a higher counting rate, and spatial and photon-number resolutions. We propose readout electronics using single-flux-quantum (SFQ) circuits to process a large number of output signals from an SSPD array. We designed and tested an interface circuit between an SSPD and SFQ circuit, and successfully observed SFQ pulse generation for an input pulse with a current amplitude of 17.4 ~ 36.4 muA , which is comparable with an output current amplitude of the SSPD. The interface circuit was also operational for an input pulse duration of 1.6 ns, which is shorter than the typical recovery time of the SSPD.
We have developed an all-NbN integrated circuit technology for future integration of single flux quantum (SFQ) circuit with superconducting single-photon detector array. The all-NbN integrated circuits consist of epitaxial NbN/AlN/NbN tunnel junctions fabricated on single-crystal MgO substrates, Mo shunt resistors and 500-nm-thick NbN ground plane on the top. Critical current density and sheet resistance of the Mo resistor were set at 2.5 kA/cm2and 1.2 Ω, respectively. Current uniformity of the NbN/AlN/NbN tunnel junctions was measured to be σ = 3% for 3 μm × 3 μm junction size. The NbN-based SFQ logic cells were designed for and tested at 4.2 K. We actually measured circuit inductances of the fabricated SFQ cells. Circuit simulation revealed that the measured circuit inductances in the fabricated SFQ cells should allow operating margins of more than +/-20%.
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A read-out circuit for photon-number-resolving superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) based on the single-flux-quantum (SFQ) circuit was designed and the basic performance of the fabricated circuit was confirmed. The current pulse output from an SNSPD array was converted to a SFQ pulse. The SFQ pulse triggered two stacks of double-flux-quantum (DFQ) amplifiers. A single block of a 40-series DFQ amplifier (DFQA) generated 2.3-mV voltage with a rising time of 400 ps for an operation frequency of 1.25 GHz, and the two stacks of DFQA generated 4.6-mV voltage when the SFQ pulse trains supplied both the DFQAs. The total voltage generated by twelve-series of 40-series DFQAs was expected to be 27.6 mV, with the same rising time of 400 ps. Using the fabricated circuit, the 40-series DFQA and the two stacks of the 40-series DFQA generated 2.3- and 4.6-mV voltage, respectively. The output voltage of the SFQ readout circuit was compatible to a room-temperature photon counter with a wide-band low-noise amplifier operating at low temperature.
A two-dimensional single-photon imaging system with high sensitivity and high time resolution is the ultimate camera and useful in a wide range of fields. A superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SSPD or SNSPD) is one of the best candidates for realizing such an ultimate camera due to its high detection efficiency in a wide spectral range, low dark count rate without after-pulsing, and excellent time resolution. Here we propose a new readout scheme to realize a large-scale imaging array based on SSPD, where a row-column readout architecture is combined with a digital signal processor based on a single-flux-quantum (SFQ) circuit. A 16-pixel row-column readout SSPD array is fabricated and measured with an SFQ digital signal processor. We successfully acquired spatial information as encoded digital bit codes with the temporal information of the photon detection. The system timing jitter was measured as <80 ps for all 16 pixels even through the SFQ signal processor, indicating the potential for an imaging array with an extremely high time resolution.
We present a single-flux-quantum (SFQ) based digital correlator to trace independent signals from two superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) triggering its inputs. In our design two SSPDs are magnetically coupled to inputs of a readout system where direct current (DC)-to-SFQ converters are used to convert transient SSPD output pulses, triggered by detection of single-photon events, to SFQ pulses. The coincidence verification of SFQ pulses, generated by the two DC-to-SFQ converters, is performed with a modified SFQ coincidence buffer. The coincidence buffer is designed to generate an SFQ output pulse only when its both inputs are triggered simultaneously, or within a preset margin time. The output of the coincidence buffer is connected via, this time, an SFQ-to-DC converter, to a pulse counter operated at room temperature. We performed extensive simulations of both the SSPD equivalent circuit and correlator redout elements for the proposed coincidence scheme, using a WRSpice and PSCAN2 simulation platforms that are specifically designated to model Josephson junctions and widely used to simulate operation of the SFQ circuitry. In particular, we investigated our coincidence correlator scheme for measurements of the second-order correlation function, used to demonstrate the antibunching effect in the single-photon detection of non-classical light.