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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics

An optical frequency standard with ultracold calcium atoms

C. Degenhardt, Hardo Stoehr, H. Schnatz, J. Helmcke, Uwe Sterr, F. Riehle, Christian Lisdat

Published Jan 1, 2004• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

We report a frequency measurement of the 4s2 1S0-4s4p 3P1 transition in calcium performed for the first time with ultracold atoms. The density dependence of the transition frequency was determined and a dipole trap realized.
DOI
10.1364/iqec.2004.ima2

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The optical frequency transitions with long-lifetime spin triplet states produced by the two valence electrons in the outermost layer of alkaline earth atoms make calcium atom a promising quantum frequency reference. Electron-shelving detection improves the signal-to-noise ratio of the clock transition spectrum, enabling a calcium atomic beam optical frequency standard. This scheme employs the 1S0-1P1 transition at 423 nm to detect the 1S0-3P1 transition at 657 nm, emphasizing the importance of 423 nm laser stability. While the performance of these clocks is well-studied, research on the atomic beam itself is limited. This study investigates frequency shifts in neutral calcium atoms’ 1S0-1P1 transition at 423 nm and their 1S0-3P1 transition at 657 nm. We measure the frequency shift caused by temperature, laser power, and laser alignment, providing insights to optimize the design of the calcium beam’s physical apparatus.
The narrow linewidth of1S0-3P1657 nm clock transition makes it a promising quantum frequency reference. In this experiment, the fast1S0-1P1423 nm transition is used to detect the narrow1S0-3P1657 nm clock transition. Therefore, the frequency stability of the 423 nm laser determines the performance of the optical frequency standard. Here we investigate the frequency shift properties of the neutral calcium atoms'1S0-1P1transition at 423 nm. We measure the frequency shift caused by temperature, laser power, and laser beam pointing.
The Stark shift of the (4s)2{)}^{2})21{\mathrm{}}^{1}1S0{\mathit{S}}_{0}S0​\ensuremath{\rightarrow}(4s4p)3{\mathrm{}}^{3}3P1{\mathit{P}}_{1}P1​ transition in calcium was measured using a laser to excite an atomic beam as it traversed through a uniform electric field and a field-free region. The laser frequency was scanned across the transition, while fluorescence produced by the radiative decay of the excited state was detected. The frequency scan was calibrated using an acousto-optic modulator to frequency shift part of the laser beam. The Stark shift rate was found to be -12.314\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.041 kHz/(kV/cm)2{)}^{2})2, where the minus sign indicates the transition frequency decreases when the electric field is applied. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
A two-photon transition in laser-cooled and trapped calcium atoms is proposed as the atomic reference in an optical frequency standard. An efficient scheme for interrogation of the frequency standard is described, and the sensitivity of the clock transition to systematic effects is estimated. Frequency standards based on this transition could lead to compact and portable devices that are capable of rapidly averaging down to <10−16< 10^{-16}<10−16.