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IEEE International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology (ICCST)

Quantum signature mechanism with GHZ states

Tien-Sheng Lin, Chu‐Chuan Lee, Sy‐Yen Kuo

Published Oct 1, 2009• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

On Internet, the sender and receiver can not own the secure communication channel. Eavesdropping can attack the insecure channel to break the process of the signature scheme. Under an unsafe routing path, several attacks from Eve will be happened. In quantum cryptography, these physics properties such as no-cloning theorem, uncertainty principle and quantum teleportation can provide unconditionally secure communication in the quantum channel. The security of quantum signature schemes is unconditional security. In this paper, a concept, quantum secret sharing which can be used to reconstruct a special relation among sharing party, is proposed. Based on the property of quantum secret sharing, the proposed mechanism uses multiple pairs of four-particle Greenberger-Horne-Zielinger (GHZ) state to reconstruct a special relation among sharing party. By using this relation, we can support the security of quantum signature under an unsafe routing path to provide the message recovery. From the view of a reusing key, the proposed mechanism is key efficiency.

DOI
10.1109/ccst.2009.5335542

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On Internet, the sender and receiver can not own the secure communication channel. Eavesdropping can attack the insecure channel to break the process of the signature scheme. Under an unsafe routing path, several attacks from Eve will be happened. In quantum cryptography, these physics properties such as no-cloning theorem, uncertainty principle and quantum teleportation can provide unconditionally secure communication in the quantum channel. The security of quantum signature schemes is unconditional security. In this paper, a concept, quantum secret sharing which can be used to reconstruct a special relation among sharing party, is proposed. Based on the property of quantum secret sharing, the proposed mechanism uses multiple pairs of four-particle Greenberger-Horne-Zielinger (GHZ) state to reconstruct a special relation among sharing party. By using this relation, we can support the security of quantum signature under an unsafe routing path to provide the message recovery. From the view of a reusing key, the proposed mechanism is key efficiency.
An authentic digital signature scheme based on the correlation of Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states was presented. In this scheme, by performing a local unitary operation on the third particles of each GHZ triplet, Alice can encode message M and get its signature S. Bob performs CNOT operation on the combined GHZ triplets can recovery the message M and directly authenticates Alice's signature S. Our scheme was designed to use quantum secret key to guaranteed unconditional security, as well as use quantum fingerprinting to avoid trick attacks and reduce communication complexity.
For vehicular networks, the security and privacy face two major challenges. One is the open wireless medium and the other is the high-speed mobility of the vehicles. For the open wireless medium, eavesdropping and man-in-the-middle attacks may exist in the communication path. This is called an unsafe routing path. Based on quantum nature, quantum channel supported unconditionally secure communication. Classically, digital signature can support conditionally secure communication. So quantum channel is more secure than classical channel. For high-speed mobility of the vehicles, sender and receiver need location-release signature. This paper designs the technique of quantum entangled particle to perform quantum teleportation for solving quantum location-release signature. By using quantum nature, the proposed scheme can overcome two major challenges in the vehicular networks. This scheme uses multiple entangled particles to reconstruct the original quantum state among sharing party. Based on this function, a secret sharing message can be verified to provide the message recovery. Considering the security of the proposed scheme, impossibility of forgery and impossibility of disavowal can be achieved.
Recently, Zhang, Li and Guo (ZLG) suggested a new approach to quantum key distribution by using a shared Bell state which acts as quantum key in order to encode and decode classical information. Subsequently, others extended ZLG protocol to d-dimensional systems and to quantum secret sharing based on reusable GHZ states. However, Gao et al. have shown that if Eve employs a special strategy to attack, these protocols become insecure. Afterwards, they repair ZLG protocol so that their eavesdropping strategy becomes inefficient. In this paper, we investigate the security of ZLG quantum key distribution protocol and show that it is not secure against Eve's attacks and with probability of one half she gets all of the keys without being detected by the two parties. In this eavesdropping strategy, Eve transforms the previously shared Bell state between Alice and Bob to two Bell states among herself and the parties. Moreover, we briefly show that ZLG's repairing by Gao et al's is not efficient against of our attack and Eve can choose an appropriate rotation angle and measurement bases which help her to do eavesdropping. Afterwards, we discuss generalization of ZLG protocol to d-dimensional systems and show that with probability 1/d, Eve gets all of keys. We show that quantum secret sharing based on reusable GHZ states is also not secure and with probability one half, Eve gets all of keys. We repair them by going to higher dimensional shared EPR or GHZ states. Finally, we compare ZLG protocol with ours and show that the ZLG protocol and its extensions are less robust against the channel noise with respect to ours.
In this paper, we propose an efficient multi-party quantum secret sharing scheme based on GHZ entangled state. The participants in this scheme are divided into two groups, and share secrets as a group. There is no need to exchange any measurement information between the two groups, reducing the security problems caused by the communication process. Each participant holds one particle from each GHZ state; it can be found that the particles of each GHZ state are related after measuring them, and the eavesdropping detection can detect external attacks based on this characteristic. Furthermore, since the participants within the two groups encode the measured particles, they can recover the same secrets. Security analysis shows that the protocol can resist the intercept-and-resend attack and entanglement measurement attack, and the simulation results show that the probability of an external attacker being detected is proportional to the amount of information he can obtain. Compared with the existing protocols, this proposed protocol is more secure, has less quantum resources and is more practical.
According to the shortcoming of the classical quantum cryptography with ERP states,how this quantum-secret-sharing scheme is implemented within realistic,highly secure multi-user communication network is presented,using greenberger-horne-zeilinger(GHZ) states.The quantum communication network marries a variety of GHZ states to well established internet technology in order to build a secure key distribution system employed in conjunction with the nodes and control centers.In communication network,eavesdropper Eve transmit with three party,useful information is gain,the errors is introduced.The nodes and control centers can find Eve,the security of multi-user quantum network is ensured.
Inspired by quantum secure direct communication, a three-party quantum secret sharing approach is proposed. In the preparation phase, the sender shares a GHZ state among users. After she ensures about the security of the channel, she generates an auxiliary GHZ state and keeps it. Then she encodes three-bit information on the GHZ states, by applying the appropriate gates on her qubits. In the decoding phase, the three parties measure their qubits. The receivers achieve no information on the encoded message individually and just when they know the others' measurement results have access to the secret message. The security of the preparation phase against various attacks is investigated. Since no qubits carrying the message are transmitted, the protocol is completely secure, if the perfect quantum channel is used. The proposed approach has a better efficiency as compared to the previous ones.