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Progress of Theoretical Physics

Stochastic Processes in Microphysics in Connection with Relativity

J. C. Aron

Published Jan 1, 1966• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The difficulties of extending to relativity the results obtained in a preceding paper are set forth; in particular the relativistic behaviour of the time and length minimal constants brings us to a well-known problem. The proposed views attempt to deal with these equations. They give a relativistic generalization of the classical diffusion theory, from which the Klein-Gordon equation is deduced. Consistent results are obtained by a relativistic survey of Dirac's fluid model. Subsequent investigations have been carried out concerning the character of relativity and the limitation of its validity in microphysics.

DOI
10.1143/ptp.35.147

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The difficulties of extending to relativity the results obtained in a preceding paper are set forth; in particular the relativistic behaviour of the time and length minimal constants brings us to a well-known problem. The proposed views attempt to deal with these equations. They give a relativistic generalization of the classical diffusion theory, from which the Klein-Gordon equation is deduced. Consistent results are obtained by a relativistic survey of Dirac's fluid model. Subsequent investigations have been carried out concerning the character of relativity and the limitation of its validity in microphysics.
Markov diffusions corresponding to solutions of the Klein-Gordon equation are introduced in a similar way as in Nelson's stochastic mechanics. A relativistic version of the Nelson-Newton law for Markov diffusions is established. Stochastic generalizations of the proper time and of the relativistic action functional are proposed and a stochastic version of the relativistic principle of least action is stated. The formalism can be regarded as a quantization procedure leading from classical special relativity to the Klein-Gordon equation.
Problems with the extension to relativity. The Klein–Gordon equation The attempt to extend the causal interpretation to cover relativistic quantum mechanics raises several problems of technique and principle. These relate not only to difficulties peculiar to the quantum theory of motion but have to do with still unresolved issues in the underlying quantum mechanical formalism (such as the appearance of infinities in the computation of physical quantities and the lack of a relativistic theory of measurement). Some problems are common to both, such as the difficulty of defining positive densities. The subject has not been extensively investigated and in this chapter we shall discuss only some of the relevant issues. There are two particularly important, overlapping problems: Can the trajectory concept be retained in the relativistic quantum domain? And: how do we interpret relativistic quantum fields? The unresolved issue underlying both questions is the extent to which we should require a quantum theory to be ‘relativistic’. It is known that Lorentz covariant wave equations can have consequences in conflict with relativity. This, as we shall see, is indeed the case with the current relativistic formalism as interpreted, or completed, by the quantum theory of motion. Especially in field theory, the individual processes that build up and explain the covariant statistical predictions of the formalism exhibit features that are in conflict with our entrenched ideas regarding covariance and locality as necessary concomitants of relativity theory. That is, relativity is statistically valid but the individual events do not have an intrinsically relativistic character.
A stochastic interpretation of Klein-Gordon equation is proposed. The starting point is the construction of relativistically covariant diffusions satisfying a property similar but not identical to the Markov property. It is then shown that the continuity equation associated with these processes together with the relativistic version of mean Newton equation are equivalent to the Klein-Gordon equation On propose une interpretation stochastique de l'equation de Klein Gordon. Le point de depart est la construction d'une diffusion relativiste covariante qui satisfait une propriete semblable (mais pas identique) a la propriete de Markov. On montre ensuite que l'equation de continuite associee a ce processus plus la version relativiste de l'equation de Newton en moyenne sont equivalentes a l'equation de Klein-Gordon
Given a positive energy solution of the Klein–Gordon equation, the motion of the free, spinless, relativistic particle is described in a fixed Lorentz frame by a Markov diffusion process with nonconstant diffusion coefficient. Proper time is an increasing stochastic process and we derive a probabilistic generalization of the equation (dτ)2=−(1/c2)dXν dXν. A random time-change transformation provides the bridge between the t and the τ domain. In the τ domain, we obtain an M4-valued Markov process with singular and constant diffusion coefficient. The square modulus of the Klein–Gordon solution is an invariant, nonintegrable density for this Markov process. It satisfies a relativistically covariant continuity equation.
This chapter introduces the concepts of the relativistic theory to basic problems of quantum physics, in particular, the extension of the Schrodinger equation to a relativistic form. Starting from the fundamental laws of relativity, the chapter evaluates the Klein–Gordon equation and investigates if the equation can be considered a generalization of the non-relativistic Schrodinger equation to the case of the relativistic energy. The chapter shows that the wave function, which is a solution to the Klein–Gordon equation, cannot be connected with the probability wave function. For this reason, the Dirac equation is used to solve the problems faced by the Klein–Gordon equation. The Dirac equation also includes the spin. The advantage of the Dirac equation over the Schrodinger and Klein–Gordon equations is that it naturally includes the spin. In the Schrodinger and Klein–Gordon equations, the spin is not present and has to be added to the wave function manually whenever the wave function determines a system with the spin.
Several years ago Nelson succeeded in deriving the nonrelativistic Schrödinger equation within a stochastic model which included Newton’s second law as the fundamental dynamical rule. Unfortunately, the relativistic extension of Nelson’s work is not so straightforward as might at first be supposed. This paper examines the difficulties inherent in such a relativization and proposes supplemental axioms which resolve those difficulties. A stochastic derivation of the Klein–Gordon equation is then presented.