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Microwave and Optical Technology Letters

Switchable photonic‐crystal‐grating diode using coherent atomic gas

Andriy E. Serebryannikov, Akhlesh Lakhtakia

Published Mar 27, 2013• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract Asymmetry in a regular dielectric photonic crystal of finite thickness created by periodically altering one of its two pupils results in the exhibition of diode‐like passbands that can be switched on/off by injecting/removing a coherent atomic gas.The diode‐like operation is accompanied by diffraction‐enabled deflection of the transmitted wave, within a stop band of the gas‐free structure. Alteration of the oscillator strength can be used to engineer the passband characteristics. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 55:1248–1250, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.27562

DOI
10.1002/mop.27562

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Cambridge University Press eBooks•Nov 30, 2014•12 citations
Abstract Asymmetry in a regular dielectric photonic crystal of finite thickness created by periodically altering one of its two pupils results in the exhibition of diode‐like passbands that can be switched on/off by injecting/removing a coherent atomic gas.The diode‐like operation is accompanied by diffraction‐enabled deflection of the transmitted wave, within a stop band of the gas‐free structure. Alteration of the oscillator strength can be used to engineer the passband characteristics. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 55:1248–1250, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.27562
Wideband switchable diode-like transmission can be exhibited by an asymmetric dielectric photonic crystal, when the host medium is changed from air to a coherent atomic gas (CAG), a strongly dispersive medium. Significant modification of diffraction-enabled one-way transmission due to the CAG is possible in both frequency and incidence-angle domains in the short-wave infrared regime. In particular, new one-way and high-contrast passbands, which are as much as 1.0 THz in bandwidth, can appear at fixed incidence angle within a stop band of the CAG-free structure and tuned by varying the oscillator strength of the CAG. These passbands correspond to relatively small, either positive or negative, values of the dielectric susceptibility of the CAG.
We studied the specular and nonspecular remittances and the absorptance of two-dimensional photonic crystals (PCs) comprising a periodic array of dielectric rods immersed in a coherent atomic gas (CAG). Illumination by obliquely incident, s-polarized plane waves was considered. Minipassbands that may include peaks of nearly complete transmission appear within the stop bands of the corresponding gas-free PCs, due to the strong frequency dispersion in the relative permittivity of the CAG. As a result, high-efficiency passbands of a gas-free PC and those arising due to the CAG can coexist. The latter can be tuned in a simpler way than by varying the constitutive parameters of the CAG, i.e., via variation of the incidence angle. In contrast with the earlier studied metallic PCs immersed in a CAG, new passbands may also appear when the CAG behaves as a medium with ultralow positive permittivity. Also, complete absorptance bands (with zero overall reflectance and overall transmittance) can be obtained, which are well correlated with the frequency-dependent characteristics of the CAG.
If the electromagnetic waves are scattered by the periodic structure of media with different refractive indexes, a band gap in the transmitted spectrum can be generated. This is the photonic crystal whose band gap is usually uncontrollable as its structure parameters are fixed after the fabrication. Alternatively, based on the quantum theory in real space for single photons transporting along a one-dimensional waveguide embed by a series of two-level atoms, we propose here a quantum mechanical configuration to implement the photonic crystal with adjustable band gap. It is shown that if the scattering two-level atoms are arranged as a periodic array, the desirable band gap in the photonic transmission spectrum can be formed. This is the atomic-type photonic crystal, in which the center frequency of the gap can be controlled by adjusting the eigenfrequencies of the atoms. The possible physical implementations of our proposal with the voltage-biased superconducting qubits for the centimeter waves and the voltage-biased electrons on liquid helium for the millimeter waves are also discussed.
Usually, most optical diodes with high nonreciprocal transmission ratio were accompanied with high insertion loss. The diode made of the asymmetry cavity filled with two-level atoms can simultaneously possess high nonreciprocal transmission ratio and low insertion loss, because the cavity can lower insertion loss and the bistability of the atom can enhance nonreciprocal transmission ratio. However, such diodes can only operate in a very narrow frequency band. In this article we explore two methods to achieve efficient diodes with a wide frequency range. One is using mixed atomic gas instead of a single atom and the other is replacing single-mode cavity with passive white light cavities. By using the two methods, a wide band optical diode with high nonreciprocal transmission ratio and low insertion loss is provided. It will be beneficial for improving the performance of broadband photonic chips and photonic communication.
Introduction The propagation of light in periodically ordered photonic crystals bears a strong analogy to the wave propagation of conduction electrons in atomic crystals. The development of Bloch modes and dispersion are determined by the interference of waves that are diffracted by lattice planes [19, 52]. The periodicity commensurate with the wavelength (a ≈ λ/2) gives rise to Bragg diffraction that is associated with frequency windows for which waves are forbidden to propagate in a particular direction. Such stop gaps have long been known to arise for electromagnetic waves, notably for X-rays in atomic crystals [214]. At optical frequencies, the stop gaps that occur in one-dimensional periodic structures, known as Bragg stacks, are widely used in optical laboratories as broadband highly reflecting dielectric mirrors [556]. The distinguishing feature of three-dimensional (3D) photonic crystals is that a common stop gap can be achieved for all directions and for all polarizations simultaneously: the widely pursued 3D photonic band gap . Historically a 3D band gap has never been considered for the propagation of X-rays in periodic media, since a gap requires a high refractive index contrast of order unity, whereas the refractive index varies by less then 10 −4 in the X-ray range. At frequencies inside the 3D photonic band gap, the density of optical states (DOS) completely vanishes. As the density of states can also be interpreted as the density of vacuum fluctuations [334], a 3D band gap thus serves as an effective shield to these fluctuations. The total absence of optical modes in a photonic band gap has implications beyond classical optics that break the analogy between the behavior of light in photonic crystals and the behavior of electrons in atomic crystals. 3D photonic band gap crystals play an important role in cavity quantum electrodynamics (cQED) [64, 549], where they offer at least five prospects for new physics. Firstly, probably the most eagerly pursued phenomenon is the complete inhibition of spontaneous emission: an excited quantum emitter – such as an atom, molecule, or quantum dot – embedded in a crystal with its transition frequency tuned to within the 3D band gap remains forever excited since it cannot decay to the ground state by emitting a photon.