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Journal of the Optical Society of America B

Hyperfine structure and isotope shifts of transitions in neutral and singly ionized ytterbium

R. W. Berends, Lute Maleki

Published Mar 1, 1992• 44 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The hyperfine coupling coefficients and isotope shifts associated with the Yb+ 6 P23/2∘, Yb 73S1, Yb 6 P11∘, and Yb 6 1D2 states were investigated by Doppler-free saturated absorption laser spectroscopy in an unenriched Yb hollow-cathode discharge. The hyperfine coefficients determined in this experiment are as follows: for the Yb+ 6 P23/2∘ state, 171A = 0.877(20), 173A = −0.245(10), and 173B = −1.460(50); for the 73S1 state, 171A = 6.81(10), 173A = −1.879(10), and 173B = −0.003(18); for the Yb 61D2 state, 171A = −1.573(8), 173A = 0.439(2), and 173B = 0.153(10) GHz.

DOI
10.1364/josab.9.000332

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The hyperfine coupling coefficients and isotope shifts associated with the Yb+ 6 P23/2∘, Yb 73S1, Yb 6 P11∘, and Yb 6 1D2 states were investigated by Doppler-free saturated absorption laser spectroscopy in an unenriched Yb hollow-cathode discharge. The hyperfine coefficients determined in this experiment are as follows: for the Yb+ 6 P23/2∘ state, 171A = 0.877(20), 173A = −0.245(10), and 173B = −1.460(50); for the 73S1 state, 171A = 6.81(10), 173A = −1.879(10), and 173B = −0.003(18); for the Yb 61D2 state, 171A = −1.573(8), 173A = 0.439(2), and 173B = 0.153(10) GHz.
We report the experimental results on measuring the isotope shifts and hyperfine splittings of all ytterbium isotopes for a 399-nm transition by using a quite simple and novel method. It benefits from the advantages of the modulation transfer spectroscopy in an ytterbium hollow cathode lamp and the Doppler-free spectroscopy in a collimated ytterbium atomic beam. The key technique in this experiment is simultaneously measuring the frequency separations of the two spectra twice, and the separation difference between two measurements is solely determined by the well-defined frequency of an acousto-optics modulator. Compared with the most of previously reported experimental results, ours are more accurate and completed, which will provide the useful information for developing a more accurate theoretical model to describe the interaction inside an ytterbium atom.
We report Doppler-free spectroscopy of neutral europium carried out using the saturation absorption technique. In the present experiment, Eu/Ne hollow cathode discharge is used as an atomic vapor source of europium. The Eu transition 4f76s2(S87/2°)→4f76s6p(P89/2) at 601.815 nm and 4f75d6s(aD1013/2°)→4f75d6p(zD811/2) at 580.027 nm are investigated. The frequency separation between the adjacent hyperfine transitions as well as hyperfine structure (HFS) constants are calculated from the obtained experimental spectra. The HFS constant obtained for the state 4f76s6p(P89/2) are A151=664.8 MHz; B151=293.5 MHz, and for state 4f75d6p(zD811/2), the values are A151=7.6 MHz; B151=−60 MHz. These obtained values are in good agreement with the results reported in the literature using laser induced atomic beam fluorescence technique.
We report the first observation to our knowledge of the 6s2 S10-6s6p P11∘ transition (398.8 nm) of 168Yb. The relative position of this spectral line was directly determined by using a laser sideband technique to simultaneously probe pairs of lines. The hyperfine structure of 171Yb and the isotope shifts of 170Yb, 171Yb, and 174Yb were determined to an accuracy of better than 6 MHz and found to differ by as much as 23 MHz from previous results. By using photon-burst spectroscopy to carry out these measurements we obtained subnatural linewidths and fully resolved the 170Yb and 171Yb lines, which otherwise overlap in fluorescence.
High-resolution three-photon laser spectroscopy has been performed for the first time to gain new spectroscopic information. Starting from the $6{s}^{2}^{1}S_{0}$ ground state of Yb, 6s15p1,3P16s15p^{1,3}P_{1}6s15p1,3P1​ Rydberg states were populated by two-photon-resonant, three-photon absorption via the 6s7s1S06s7s^{1}S_{0}6s7s1S0​ intermediate level. As a result of two-photon line narrowing Doppler-free spectra, showing well resolved isotope shifts and hyperfine structures, were obtained. From the hyperfine coupling constants 171,173A(1P1)^{171,173}A(^{1}P_{1})171,173A(1P1​) the singlet-triplet mixing was derived.
Selective photoionization of ytterbium isotope is studied numerically based on a three-step photoionization scheme, 4f146s2 1S0 (0 cm−1) → 4f146s6p 3P1 (17992.008 cm−1) → (4f136s26p) (7/2, 3/2)2 (35196.98 cm−1) → auto-ionization state (52353 cm−1) → Yb+, by the density matrix theory with the consideration of atomic hyperfine structures and magnetic sublevels. To examine the physical model, the numerical isotopic abundance of ytterbium is compared with that from mass spectroscopy experiment, showing that they are in good agreement with each other. The excitation process and ionization process of ytterbium, especially for odd isotopes, are discussed and analyzed in detail on this basis. The effects of frequency detuning, power densities, spectral bandwidths, polarization of two excitation lasers, and atomic Doppler broadening on the total ionization yield and isotopic abundance are investigated numerically and the optimal excitation conditions for 176Yb enrichment are identified semi-quantitatively.
We report on spectroscopic results on the $^{2}S_{1/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{2}P_{3/2}$ transition in single trapped Yb+{\mathrm{Yb}}^{+}Yb+ ions. We measure the isotope shifts for all stable Yb+{\mathrm{Yb}}^{+}Yb+ isotopes except 173Yb+^{173}\mathrm{Yb}^{+}173Yb+, as well as the hyperfine splitting of the 2P3/2^{2}P_{3/2}2P3/2​ state in 171Yb+^{171}\mathrm{Yb}^{+}171Yb+. Our results are in agreement with previous measurements but are a factor of 5--9 more precise. For the hyperfine constant A(2P3/2)=875.4(10)MHzA(^{2}P_{3/2})=875.4(10)\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{MHz}A(2P3/2​)=875.4(10)MHz our results also agree with previous measurements but deviate significantly from theoretical predictions. We present experimental results on the branching ratios for the decay of the 2P3/2^{2}P_{3/2}2P3/2​ state. We find branching fractions for the decay to the 2D3/2^{2}D_{3/2}2D3/2​ state and 2D5/2^{2}D_{5/2}2D5/2​ state of 0.17(1)% and 1.08(5)%, respectively, in rough agreement with theoretical predictions. Furthermore, we measured the isotope shifts of the $^{2}F_{7/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{1}D{[5/2]}_{5/2}$ transition and determine the hyperfine structure constant for the 1D[5/2]5/2^{1}D{[5/2]}_{5/2}1D[5/2]5/2​ state in 171Yb+^{171}\mathrm{Yb}^{+}171Yb+ to be $A(^{1}D{[5/2]}_{5/2})=\ensuremath{-}107(6)\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{MHz}$.