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Transport and coherent backscattering of Bose-Einstein condensates in mesoscopic systems

Michael Hartung

Published Jan 1, 2009• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

We numerically study time-dependent quantum transport of an interacting Bose-Einstein condensate based on the Gross-Pitaevskii equation in a two-dimensional correlated disorder potential. The scattering- and transport mean-free-path is numerically calculated and compared with a diagrammatic approach. Furthermore we introduce the phenomenon of coherent backscattering in the context of Bose-Einstein condensates. In the limit of a vanishing atom-atom interaction, a sharp cone in the angle-resolved density of the scattered matter wave is observed, arising from constructive interference between amplitudes propagating along reversed scattering paths. Weak interaction transforms this coherent backscattering peak into a pronounced dip, indicating destructive instead of constructive interference. This agrees with results obtained from a diagrammatic theory of weak localization in the presence of nonlinearity. For intermediate interaction strength we observe intrinsic time-dependent dynamic, which leads to a suppression of coherent backscattering.

DOI
10.5283/epub.12248

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We numerically study time-dependent quantum transport of an interacting Bose-Einstein condensate based on the Gross-Pitaevskii equation in a two-dimensional correlated disorder potential. The scattering- and transport mean-free-path is numerically calculated and compared with a diagrammatic approach. Furthermore we introduce the phenomenon of coherent backscattering in the context of Bose-Einstein condensates. In the limit of a vanishing atom-atom interaction, a sharp cone in the angle-resolved density of the scattered matter wave is observed, arising from constructive interference between amplitudes propagating along reversed scattering paths. Weak interaction transforms this coherent backscattering peak into a pronounced dip, indicating destructive instead of constructive interference. This agrees with results obtained from a diagrammatic theory of weak localization in the presence of nonlinearity. For intermediate interaction strength we observe intrinsic time-dependent dynamic, which leads to a suppression of coherent backscattering.
We study quantum transport of an interacting Bose-Einstein condensate in a two-dimensional disorder potential. In the limit of a vanishing atom-atom interaction, a sharp cone in the angle-resolved density of the scattered matter wave is observed, arising from constructive interference between amplitudes propagating along reversed scattering paths. Weak interaction transforms this coherent backscattering peak into a pronounced dip, indicating destructive instead of constructive interference. We reproduce this result, obtained from the numerical integration of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation, by a diagrammatic theory of weak localization in the presence of nonlinearity.
We theoretically study the propagation of an interacting Bose-Einstein condensate in a two-dimensional disorder potential, following the principle of an atom laser. The constructive interference between time-reversed scattering paths gives rise to coherent backscattering, which may be observed under the form of a sharp cone in the disorder-averaged angular backscattered current. As is found by the numerical integration of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation, this coherent backscattering cone is inversed when a nonvanishing interaction strength is present, indicating a crossover from constructive to destructive interferences. Numerical simulations based on the truncated Wigner method allow one to go beyond the mean-field approach and show that dephasing renders this signature of antilocalization hidden behind a structureless and dominant incoherent contribution as the interaction strength is increased and the injected density decreased, in a regime of parameters far away from the mean-field limit. However, despite a partial dephasing, we observe that this weak antilocalization scenario prevails for finite interaction strengths, opening the way for an experimental observation with 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb atoms.
The recent experimental advances in manipulating ultra-cold atoms make it feasible to study coherent transport of Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) through various mesoscopic structures. In this work the quasi-stationary propagation of BEC matter waves through two dimensional cavities is investigated using numerical simulations within the mean-field approach of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation. The focus is on the interplay between interference effects and the interaction term in the non-linear wave equation. One sees that the transport properties show a complicated behaviour with multi-stability, hysteresis and dynamical instabilities for non-vanishing interaction. Furthermore, the prominent weak localization effect, which is a robust interference effect emerging after taking a configuration average, is reduced and partially inverted for non-vanishing interaction.
This thesis presents investigations on the interplay of coherence and many-body effects in the quasi one-dimensional transport of Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) through scattering potentials. Such configurations can be realized with guided atom lasers that provide a coherent atomic beam. An exact theoretical description of the dynamics is out of reach due to the presence atom-atom interactions. Different levels of approximations are nevertheless possible with their strengths and weaknesses. The mean-field approximation, where the dynamics of the BEC is governed by the Gross-Pitaevskii equation, is most commonly used in the field of ultracold atoms. In this thesis the truncated Wigner method is used to go beyond the standard Gross-Pitaevskii description. This method is adapted in order to study the scattering of Bose-Einstein condensates in one-dimensional waveguides where atom-atom interactions and external potentials are nonvanishing only in a finite region of space. In this case, the truncated Wigner method is combined with the smooth exterior complex scaling method and incorporates quantum noise that originate from the vacuum fluctuations in the waveguide. Inelastic scattering is shown to play a major role in the resonant transport of BEC through a symmetric double potential barrier effectively forming an atomic quantum dot. Indeed, fully resonant transmission is prohibited and incoherent atoms as well as collective oscillations are detected in the transmitted beam. It is also shown that inelastic scattering destroys Anderson localization in the case of transport through disordered potentials. The classical (incoherent) ohmic transmission is recovered for finite atom-atom interactions. The validity of the truncated Wigner method is then assessed using the semiclassical van Vleck-Gutzwiller propagator in the Fock space of the many-body system. It is shown that the truncated Wigner method corresponds to the so-called diagonal approximation, and it is possible to identify the leading correction to the truncated Wigner results, which is provided by the so-called coherent backscattering (CBS) contribution. Coherent basckattering in Fock space is a genuine quantum many-body effect that lies beyond the reach of any mean-field approach. For the case of closed Bose-Hubbard models, the relevance of CBS is confirmed by numerically comparing the (classical) truncated Wigner evolution probabilities to the exact quantum probabilities in Bose-Hubbard models: While a CBS-induced enhancement of the return probability to the initial state is clearly seen in the exact quantum simulations of the bosonic many-body system, this enhancement is absent in the classical calculations. The magnitude and dependence of the CBS contribution on gauge fields, which break time-reversal invariance, is numerically confirmed. For the case of disordered open systems, it can be shown that this contribution as well as next-to leading order contributions vanish thereby confirming the validity of the truncated Wigner method.
The coherent flow of a Bose-Einstein condensate through a quantum dot in a magnetic waveguide is studied. By the numerical integration of the time-dependent Gross-Pitaevskii equation in the presence of a source term, we simulate the propagation process of the condensate through a double barrier potential in the waveguide. We find that resonant transport is suppressed in interaction-induced regimes of bistability, where multiple scattering states exist at the same chemical potential and the same incident current. We demonstrate, however, that a temporal control of the external potential can be used to circumvent this limitation and to obtain enhanced transmission near the resonance on experimentally realistic time scales.
We study experimentally and numerically the quasi-bidimensional transport of a 87^{87}87Rb Bose-Einstein condensate launched with a velocity v0v_0v0​ inside a disordered optical potential created by a speckle pattern. A time-of-flight analysis reveals a pronounced enhanced density peak in the backscattering direction −v0-v_0−v0​, a feature reminiscent of coherent backscattering. Detailed numerical simulations indicate however that other effects also contribute to this enhancement, including a "backscattering echo" due to the position-momentum correlations of the initial wave packet.