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Journal of Lightwave Technology

Novel super structured Bragg gratings for optical encryption

J.M. Castro, Ivan B. Djordjević, David F. Geraghty

Published Apr 1, 2006• 64 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A new type of optical encryption based on super-structured Bragg gratings is proposed. Security is provided by the transformation of the signal to noiselike patterns in the optical domain, which hides any structure to nonauthorized users. Encryption at speeds of several gigabits per second with low bit error rates is simulated.
DOI
10.1109/jlt.2006.871028

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Secure optical communication systems based on general bent sequences have been described which encode/decode information with arrays of fiber Bragg gratings (FBG). A broadband pulse coming from an optical source will be split into a series of separated pulses when it reaches the encoding FBG array. These pulses have different spectrums and different time delays. Because it is difficult for an attacker to recover the original pulse if he doesn't know the exact structure of the encoding FBG array, one can say that the information from the optical source has been encrypted. The coded signal will be recovered by the decoding FBG array having the inverse structure of the encoding FBG array. Because various structures of encoding FBG arrays could generate different reflected pulses to ensure the security of communication in the unsafe channels, grating tuning techniques are used broadly to increase the modes of the systems. Some models of the systems will be introduced and their security will be discussed. Bent sequence is generated by a general class of bent functions to charge the modes of FBG arrays in order to increase the security of our systems because of its excellent characteristics in cryptology. That makes the optical communication system safe against the interception. Simulation and discussion will be included and the applicability of the system in the future has been prospected.
Superstructured fiber Bragg grating (FBG) technology has emerged as an attractive means to produce compact, and potentially low-cost in-fiber devices for a variety of lightwave applications. In this paper, a secure optical communication system based on tunable FBG arrays is described. Utilizing the inherent characteristics of FBG array to decompose broadband pulses simultaneously in wavelength and time, one broadband light pulse reaching a series of different Bragg gratings may be split into a number of separated pulses, each with different wavelength and is positioned at different time. To recover the original pulse, an inverted grating array is needed at the receiver side, i.e., the transmission is secure in case that the exact structure of the FBG array is unknown. Some of the factors affecting the process of encryption/decryption are indicated. To further increase the security of the system, theories about bent functions are presented and applied to generate bent sequences so as to charge the modes of FBG arrays because of the bent functions' excellent cryptographic properties. Simulations results are presented and analyzed to show the feasibility of the system. The paper is concluded with a discussion of the advantages for such an optical encryption/decryption system.
In conventional optical communication systems, the transmission signals are regular digital signals. Due to the openness of optical fiber networks, it is rather easy for eavesdroppers to obtain the transmission signals from the public fiber-link and then intercept the message directly. To address this crucial security challenge, in this work we propose a high-speed secure optical communication system in virtue of physical random temporal encryption based on private physical random phase modulation and phase-to-intensity conversion. The proposed physical random temporal encryption is performed by a module composed of a phase modulator (PM) and a chirped fiber Bragg grating (CFBG), and the corresponding decryption is achieved with a similar module composed of an inverse-phase driven PM and an oppositedispersion CFBG. By distributing a constant-amplitude random-phase signal to the local semiconductor lasers deployed in the encryption module and decryption module, a pair of synchronized physical random PM driving signals that are not exchanged on public link can be independently generated, which guarantees the receiver end can correctly decrypt the original transmission message. Our numerical results demonstrate that with the proposed encryption scheme, the regular transmission signal is encrypted as a noise-like signal that can greatly enhance the security of message, and moreover, based on the private synchronized physical random phase modulation, the privacy of encryption and decryption are guaranteed, which prevents the eavesdroppers from intercepting transmission message. This work provides a promising strategy for the implement of high-speed high-security physical-layer optical communication.
Aiming at the current eavesdropping security issues in the physical layer of optical networks, a new hybrid optical encryption scheme based on Highly Nonlinear Fiber (HNLF) and Super Structured Fiber Bragg Grating (SSFBG) is proposed in this paper. In the scheme, degenerate Four Wave Mixing (FWM) is used to encrypt and decrypt user information, and optical coding technology is used to encode and decode the key information. Therefore, the encoding and secret transmission of the key signal can be realized simultaneously. The security of the system is measured by comparing the waveform of the encrypted signal transmitted in the channel with the waveform of the original transmitted signal, and the effectiveness of the system is measured by the bit error rate at the system receiver side. The simulation results show that the frequency and phase of the user data information are disturbed, and the optical power of the encoded key signal is as low as -34.4 dBm. Therefore, the eavesdropping channel cannot obtain effective data information nor detect the key signal, which demonstrates the safe transmission of Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) signal.