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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics

Picotesla magnetometer based on coherently prepared thermal alkali atomic vapors

C. Affolderbach, W. Kemp, Svenja A. Knappe, M. Stahler, R. Wynands

Published Aug 29, 2005• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Summary form only given. We have experimentally investigated the potential of narrow coherent population trapping (CPT) resonances for precision magnetometry. CPT can be observed in /spl Lambda/ systems where two ground states are coupled to a common excited state by two near-resonant light fields. On resonance, effective formation of long-lived ground state coherences which do not couple in the light fields leads to reduced absorption in the medium ("electromagnetically induced transparency") and thus reduced fluorescence intensity ("dark resonance"). Extremely narrow CPT resonances can be observed when the light fields have fixed phase and frequency difference and time-of-flight broadening is suppressed by the use of a buffer gas, making this type of system a promising candidate for precision applications.

DOI
10.1109/iqec.2000.907775

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Summary form only given. We have experimentally investigated the potential of narrow coherent population trapping (CPT) resonances for precision magnetometry. CPT can be observed in /spl Lambda/ systems where two ground states are coupled to a common excited state by two near-resonant light fields. On resonance, effective formation of long-lived ground state coherences which do not couple in the light fields leads to reduced absorption in the medium ("electromagnetically induced transparency") and thus reduced fluorescence intensity ("dark resonance"). Extremely narrow CPT resonances can be observed when the light fields have fixed phase and frequency difference and time-of-flight broadening is suppressed by the use of a buffer gas, making this type of system a promising candidate for precision applications.
Summary form only given. We have experimentally investigated the potential of narrow coherent population trapping resonances for precision applications like magnetometry or atomic frequency standards. CPT can be observed in /spl Lambda/ systems where two ground states are coupled to a common excited state by two near-resonant light fields. Effective formation of ground state coherences takes place when the frequency difference of the light fields precisely matches the ground state splitting. This process leads to reduced absorption in the medium (electromagnetically induced transparency) and thus reduced fluorescence intensity (dark resonance) at the optical resonance frequency. Extremely narrow dark resonances can be observed when the two light fields have fixed phase and frequency difference and time-of-flight broadening is suppressed by the use of a buffer gas, making this type of system a promising candidate for precision applications. The /spl Lambda/ systems under study here are the D/sub 2/ lines of Cs, /sup 87/Rb and /sup 85/Rb where the ground state hyperfine splittings are 9.2 GHz, 6.8 GHz, and 3.0 GHz, respectively. Thus in a magnetic field the CPT resonance splits into several Zeeman components whose frequency positions are determined by the Breit-Rabi formula.
Summary form only given. We have performed a series of experiments on coherent population trapping (CPT) in the presence of strong magnetic flux densities up to 1 mT. CPT can be observed in /spl Lambda/-systems where two ground states are coupled to a common excited state by two near-resonant light fields. Effective formation of ground state coherences takes place when the frequency difference of the light fields precisely matches the ground state splitting. This process leads to reduced absorption in the medium and thus reduced fluorescence intensity ("dark resonance") at the optical resonance frequency.
We have experimentally investigated the potential of narrow coherent population trapping (CPT) resonances for precision applications like magnetometry or atomic frequency standards, using the D lines in thermal Cs or Rb vapor. The magnetometer operates by monitoring the position of the Zeeman-shifted outermost resonance component. The central Zeeman component is well suited for frequency standard applications because its position is shifted by magnetic fields only in second order. We derive the required pair of laser fields form a special diode laser by direct modulation of the injection current. Magneto metric sensitivity down to a picotesla and 10-12 relative instability for a finger-sized clock have been achieved in this way. Use of a magnetic gradiometer allows to cancel fluctuations of ambient magnetic fields to a large degree, making possible sensitive measurements even outside magnetically shielded rooms.
We have detected and analysed narrow high-contrast coherent population trapping (CPT) resonances, which are induced in absorption of the weak probe light beam by the counterpropagating two-frequency pumping radiation. Our experimental investigations have been carried out on example of nonclosed three level Lambda systems formed by spectral components of the Doppler broadened D2 line of cesium atoms. We have established that CPT resonances in transmission of the probe beam (in the cesium vapor), at definite conditions, may have not only more contrast but also much lesser width in comparison with well- known CPT resonances in transmission of the corresponding two-frequency pumping radiation. Thus CPT resonances, detected by the elaborated method, may be used in atomic frequency standards and sensitive magnetometers (based on the CPT phenomenon) and also in ultahigh resolution spectroscopy of atoms and molecules.
We have detected and analysed narrow high-contrast coherent population trapping (CPT) resonances, which are induced in absorption of the weak probe light beam by the counterpropagating two-frequency pumping radiation. Our experimental investigations have been carried out on example of nonclosed three level Lambda systems formed by spectral components of the Doppler broadened D2 line of cesium atoms. We have established that CPT resonances in transmission of the probe beam (in the cesium vapor), at definite conditions, may have not only more contrast but also much lesser width in comparison with well- known CPT resonances in transmission of the corresponding two-frequency pumping radiation. Thus CPT resonances, detected by the elaborated method, may be used in atomic frequency standards and sensitive magnetometers (based on the CPT phenomenon) and also in ultahigh resolution spectroscopy of atoms and molecules.
Summary form only given, as follows.The 30 kHz linewidth and extremely steep dispersion of a coherent dark resonance in a caesium vapor cell allows measurements of magnetic fields to about 10 nT in 0.1 s integration time, limited by stray fields. The narrow resonance should make possible a compact frequency standard. In a preliminary experiment the authors used a coherent dark resonance in a 2 cm long caesium vapor cell to measure magnetic fields with about 10-5 uncertainty. Two diode lasers (852 nm wavelength) were phase-locked onto each other with a 9.2 GHz frequency offset, corresponding to the frequency ground state separation of the two caesium levels. The difference frequency is derived from a stable tunable rf source. Absorption spectrum of the caesium coherent population trapping resonance for linear laser polarizations is illustrated; it is split into seven components by a magnetic field parallel to the laser polarization direction. The width of the individual lines is only 130 kHz due to power broadening. The steep slope of the resonance could be used to lock the frequency of the 9.2 GHz rf source. This would provide a compact frequency reference.