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IEEE/LEOS Summer Topical Meetings

Natural and man-made in quantum imaging

Luigi A. Lugiato, Jean-Luc Blanchet, E. Brambilla, Lucia Caspani, P. Di Trapani, F. Ferri, A. Gatti, Ottavia Jedrkiewicz, Davide Magatti

Published Jul 1, 2011• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

As in the case of quantum information and communication, in the field of quantum imaging entanglement represents an invaluable resource. Processes such as parametric down-conversion (PDC) and four-wave mixing provide natural sources of quantum entangled beams endowed with spatial entanglement properties that are useful in quantum imaging. The authors will review these well known features in the case of PDC, and the technique which allows for an imaging with a sensitivity beyond the standard quantum limit, which has been theoretically predicted and experimentally demonstrated.

DOI
10.1109/phosst.2011.6000033

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Abstract. The field of Quantum Imaging exploits the quantum nature of light and the intrinsic parallelism of optical signals to devise novel techniques for optical imaging and for parallel information processing at the quantum level (see [1] and references quoted therein). In this presentation, we will shortly discuss two topics in this area: the first is the so-called ghost imaging which, however, is not necessarily quantum; the second is the detection of faint amplitude objects with a sensitivity beyond the standard quantum limit, and in this case we are fully in the quantum domain. Both topics are related to the phenomenon of optical parametric down-conversion (PDC), in which a fraction of the pump photons of a laser beam, injected into a crystal with a quadratic non-linearity, are down-converted to a pair of signal and idler photons, with conservation of total energy and total momentum. A feature of paramount importance is that the signal and idler beams are spatially correlated both in the near field (position correlation) and in the far field (momentum correlation).The simultaneous presence of position and momentum correlation implies quantum entanglement, as it has been also observed experimentally [2]. 1. Ghost Imaging
Quantum properties of the optical field represent a resource of the utmost relevance for the development of quantum technologies, allowing unprecedented results in disciplines ranging from quantum information and metrology to quantum imaging. Spatial quantum correlations generated by of parametric down conversion (PDC) represents a tool for quantum imaging because they are intrinsically multimode, a requirement for obtaining large degree of correlation over small portions of the beams, allowing to register the spatial structure of an object. In particular a very interesting example is provided by the detection of weak objects, a result that could have important practical applications. The principle of this technique is to take advantage of the correlation in the noise of two conjugated branches of PDC emission: in fact, subtracting the noise measured on one branch from the image of a weak object obtained in the other branch, the image of the object, eventually previously hidden in the noise, could be restored. Here, after a general summary of quantum imaging techniques, firstly we will show how we have reached a sub shot noise regime and then improved this result up to reach a regime where it was possible to achieve the first experimental realisation of sub shot noise imaging of a weak absorbing object.
Quantum imaging can be defined as an area of quantum optics that investigates the ultimate performance limits of optical imaging allowed by the quantum nature of light. Quantum Imaging techniques possess a high potential for improving the performance in recording, storage, and readout of optical images beyond the limits set by the standard quantum level of fluctuations known as the shot noise. This talk aims at giving an overview of the fundamentals of Quantum Imaging as well as its most important directions. We shall discuss generation of the spatially multimode squeezed states of light be means of a travelling-wave optical parametric amplifier. We shall demonstrate that this kind of light allows us to reduce the spatial fluctuations of the photocurrent in a properly chosen homodyne detection scheme with a highly efficient CCD camera. It will be shown that using the amplified quadrature of the light wave in a travelling-wave optical parametric amplifier, one can perform noiseless amplification of optical images. We shall provide recent experimental results demonstrating a single-shot noiseless image amplification by a pulsed optical parametric amplifier. One of important experimental achievements of Quantum Imaging, coined in the literature as quantum laser pointer, is a precise measurement of position and transverse displacement of a laser beam with resolution beyond the limit imposed by the shot noise. We shall describe briefly the idea of the experiment in which the transverse displacement of a laser beam was measured with resolution of the order of Angstrom. The problem of precise measurement of transverse displacement of a light beam brings us to a more general question about the quantum limits of optical resolution. The classical resolution criterion, derived in the nineteen century by Abbe and Rayleigh, states that the resolution of an optical instrument is limited by diffraction and is related to the wavelength of the light used in the imaging scheme. However, it was for a long time recognised in the literature that in some cases when one has some a priori information about the object, one can improve the resolution beyond the Rayleigh limit using the so-called super-resolution techniques. As a final topic in this talk, we shall discuss the quantum limits of optical super-resolution. In particular, we shall formulate the standard quantum limit of super-resolution and demonstrate how one can go beyond this limit using specially designed multimode squeezed light.
Experimental demonstrations of entangled quantum images produced through parametric down conversion have so far been confined to studying two-photon correlations. Here we show that multiphoton correlations between quantum images are accessible experimentally and exhibit many new features including being sensitive to the phase of the biphoton wave function. As a concrete example, we consider a modification of existing quantum imaging experiments in which the charge-coupled device cameras are moved out of focus, provide detailed analytical predictions for the resulting four-photon interferences, and support these by numerical simulations. The proposed experiment can also be interpreted as entanglement swapping: Bob's photons are initially unentangled, but the joint detection of Alice's photons projects Bob's photons onto an entangled state. The general approach proposed here can be extended to other quantum optics experiments involving high-dimensional entanglement.