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IEEE Transactions on Magnetics

Analog signal correlator design and operation

J.B. Green, Manjul Bhushan

Published Mar 1, 1991• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

A superconductive tapped delay line, circuits comprising superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) mixers, an L-C integrator, and a tunnel junction comparator, and superconductive digital address encoders have been integrated into a 14-channel analog signal correlator. This 25*38 mm circuit was fabricated using a Nb/Nb/sub 2/O/sub 3//Pb tunnel junction process. Preliminary testing of this device indicates the ability to process long duration, wideband waveforms with time-bandwidth products equal to 6000.

DOI
10.1109/20.133937

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IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity•Mar 1, 1995•1 citation
A superconductive tapped delay line, circuits comprising superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) mixers, an L-C integrator, and a tunnel junction comparator, and superconductive digital address encoders have been integrated into a 14-channel analog signal correlator. This 25*38 mm circuit was fabricated using a Nb/Nb/sub 2/O/sub 3//Pb tunnel junction process. Preliminary testing of this device indicates the ability to process long duration, wideband waveforms with time-bandwidth products equal to 6000.
Analog superconductive components have been integrated to form a device capable of crosscorrelation between two wideband analog input signals. Arrays of Nb/Nb205/Pb tunnel junctions perform the mixing of delayed samples of two frequency-offset analog signals counterpropagating along a niobium tapped transmission line. The resultant mixer products from the junction array are integrated and stored in a high-Q (ft,' 600) lumped element L-C resonator tuned to the signal difference frequency. A superconductive tunnel junction imbedded in the resonator circuit is operated as a variable-threshold comparator to detect the time-integrated current stored in the resonator. We present results showing the correlation properties of such an individual correlator cell, together with the design and performance of a 4-junction-logic (4JL)-based digital address encoder to be used in a multichannel correlator device. We also discuss the important design issues as they relate to analog signal processing.© (1988) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Analog superconductive components have been integrated to form a device capable of cross-correlation between wideband analog input signals. The device contains a tapped niobium delay line, tunnel-junction mixers, a lumped-element L-C resonator, and a tunnel-junction comparator. The tapped delay line is realized by a niobium stripline folded in a meander pattern on a rectangular silicon substrate. An array of Nb/Nb2O5/Pb tunnel junctions acts as a mixer to form the product of delayed samples of two carrier-offset analog signals counterpropagating along the transmission line. The resultant mixer products from the junction arrays are integrated and stored in a high-Q (≈ 600) resonator consisting of a lumped-element L-C network, tuned to the offset frequency. The low-leakage capacitor dielectric is formed from electrolytically anodized niobium. A superconductive tunnel junction imbedded in the resonator circuit is operated as a variable-threshold comparator to detect the time-integrated current stored in the resonator. Performance results from such a time-integrating correlator are presented, along with a discussion of the important design issues as they relate to analog signal processing.
Concepts for realizing superconductive convolvers capable of processing analog signals having bandwidths up to 10 GHz have been developed and are being implemented. A preliminary convolver structure with 19 taps and a 14-ns interaction length has recently been demonstrated. This device employs a superconductive transmission line as a low-loss delay element and superconductive tunnel junctions as nonlinear mixing elements. The niobium delay line provides the relative shifting of signal and reference waveforms, niobium/niobium-oxide/lead mixers with proximity taps provide local multiplication of the two waveforms, and a short output transmission line provides coherent summation of the local products. The principles of device operation, design tradeoffs and experimental results will be presented. Convolvers can provide the essential programmable matched-filter component for extremely wide-bandwidth spread-spectrum communication systems. It appears feasible to produce a convolver with an interaction time of about 100 ns and signal processing gains of up to 1000. This superconductive analog device offers the potential of providing a real-time programmable signal processing function with the digital equivalent of about 1012operations/sec.
A superconductive convolver with tunnel-junction ring mixers has been developed and demonstrated as a programmable matched filter for near 1-GHz-bandwidth chirped waveforms. A low-loss, 14-ns-long superconductive stripline circuit provides temporary storage and relative shifting of signal and reference waveforms. These waveforms are sampled by 25 proximity tap pairs and local multiplication is performed by 25 junction ring mixers. Two short transmission lines coherently sum the local products and deliver the convolution output. The output power level of the convolver has been increased 18 dB by the incorporation of ring mixers and other output circuit improvements. These mixers employ series arrays of niobium/niobium oxide/lead junctions driven by delay-line taps in a quasi-balanced manner. The ring mixer provides higher output power levels (to -58 dBm), improved suppression of undesired mixing products and higher rf impedances than did the single-junction mixers used in the previous device. Convolvers can provide the essential programmable matched-filter component for extremely wide-bandwidth spectral analysis or spread-spectrum communication systems. The current device has a 2-GHz design bandwidth and a time-bandwidth (TB) product of 28. It produced compressed pulses with -7 dB peak-to-side-lobe levels. Design improvements to be discussed include increasing the TB product to 100 and reducing spurious side-lobe levels.
A new technology utilizing superconductive components to realize convolvers and correlators that are capable of processing analog signals having bandwidths from 2-20 GHz is being developed. The technology has two key features: (1) low-loss and low-dispersion electromagnetic striplines provide tapped delay on compact substrates; and (2) superconductive tunnel junctions provide efficient low-noise mixing and high-speed sampling circuits. A convolver with a time-bandwidth product of 28 has been demonstrated. Projections indicate that superconductive technology should support analog devices with time-bandwidth products of 1000 or greater. Originator-Supplied keywords include: convolver, time integrating correlator, ring correlator, convolution, and supercondcutive signal processing.
We report the development of a 256-stage, one-bit superconducting digital correlator functionally tested at a highest clock frequency of 10.232 GHz and data rate of 1.279 Gb/s. The correlator consists of two 256-bit shift registers for delay and storage, 256 exclusive-OR gates for multiplication, and 256 shunted SQUID's to produce an analog summing output. It is fabricated using a Nb/AlO/sub x//Nb Josephson-junction process at a critical-current density of 1000 A/cm/sup 2/. The 5-mm square chip uses about 4350 Nb/AlO/sub x//Nb Josephson junctions and consumes about 0.4 mW.>