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Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements

High-performance trapped Hg/sup +/ frequency standards

Dana J. Berkeland, J.D. Miller, Brent C. Young, Jonas Bergquist, Wayne M. Itano, David J. Wineland

Published Nov 27, 2002• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We have demonstrated a new frequency standard, accurate to 3.4/spl times/10/sup -15/, based on the 40.5 GHz ground state hyperfine transition in cooled and trapped /sup 199/Hg/sup +/. We are also developing an optical frequency standard based on /sup 199/Hg/sup +/. The spectral width of the 563 nm laser used in this standard is less than 6 Hz.

DOI
10.1109/cpem.1998.699930

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We have demonstrated a new frequency standard, accurate to 3.4/spl times/10/sup -15/, based on the 40.5 GHz ground state hyperfine transition in cooled and trapped /sup 199/Hg/sup +/. We are also developing an optical frequency standard based on /sup 199/Hg/sup +/. The spectral width of the 563 nm laser used in this standard is less than 6 Hz.
We report on work directed toward the systematic evaluation of an optical frequency standard based on the /sup 2/S/sub 1/2/-/sup 2/D/sub 5/2/ transition of a single, laser-cooled, trapped /sup 199/Hg/sup +/ ion, whose resonance frequency is 1.06/spl times/10/sup 15/ Hz. For the purpose of the evaluation, a second /sup 199/Hg/sup +/ standard has been constructed. In the cooling-laser system built for the second standard, an injection-locking scheme has been applied to a CW Ti-sapphire laser. We also report optical frequency measurements of the clock transition performed over the past 21 months with the first standard. During this term, the variation of the clock transition frequency is found to be less than /spl plusmn/1/spl times/10/sup -14/.
We discuss frequency standards based on laser-cooled 199Hg+ ions confined in cryogenic rf traps. In one experiment, the frequency of a microwave source is served to the ions' ground-state hyperfine transition at 40.5 GHz. For seven ions and a Ramsey free precession time of 100 s, the fractional frequency stability is 3.3 (2) X 10-13 (tau) -1/2 for measurement times (tau) < 2 h. The ground-state hyperfine interval is measured to be 40 507 347 996.841 59 (14) (41) Hz, where the first number in parentheses is the uncertainty due to statistics and systematic errors, and the second is the uncertainty in the frequency of the time scale to which the standard is compared. In a second experiment under development, a strong-binding cryogenic trap will confine a single ion used for an optical frequency standard based on a narrow electric quadrupole transition at 282 nm. The bandwidth of the laser used to drive this transition is less than 10 Hz at 563 nm.
A cryogenic linear rf trap has been constructed to study the accuracy of a clock based on laser cooled /sup 199/Hg/sup +/. Crystals of tens of ions have been observed. The residual micromotion of the ions has been minimized and Ramsey interrogation periods of 25 s have been demonstrated for the 40.5 GHz transition. This system should eventually provide a frequency standard of high precision and accuracy. We report on the development of compact, efficient, solid-state sources at 194 nm and 282 nm for laser cooling of /sup 199/Hg/sup +/ and investigation of the /sup 2/S/sub 1/2//spl rarr//sup 2/D/sub 5/2/ quadrupole transition of interest for an optical frequency standard.
We are developing an optical frequency standard based on the narrow /sup 2/S/sub 1/2/-/sup 2/D/sub 5/2/ electric-quadrupole transition of a single trapped /sup 199/Hg/sup +/ ion. Small linear traps designed to operate at liquid helium temperatures have been constructed which will provide confinement in the Lamb-Dicke regime for the optical transition. Cryogenic operation yields long ion storage times and significantly suppresses frequency shifts due to collisions and blackbody radiation. A major step toward the completion of this standard has been the construction and evaluation of a well isolated, high-finesse, Fabry-Perot cavity to stabilize the frequency of the interrogating laser. We report our cavity results and progress toward locking the laser frequency to the transition in the stored ion.