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Fortschritte der Physik

Frequency hopping in quantum interferometry

Paolo Mataloni, Gian Luca Giorgi, F. De Martini

Published Apr 24, 2003• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract We have realized the nonlinear frequency conversion of optical quantum superposition states in a new kind of Mach‐Zehnder interferometer which is terminated at two different frequencies. The information‐preserving character of the relevant unitary transformation represented by the nonlinear process has been experimentally demonstrated in the cases of input qubits and ebits. The theoretical expression of the quantum efficiency of the process is compared with the experimental results. Besides its own intrinsic fundamental interest, the new scheme is expected to find important applications in modern quantum information technology.

DOI
10.1002/prop.200310059

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Abstract We have realized the nonlinear frequency conversion of optical quantum superposition states in a new kind of Mach‐Zehnder interferometer which is terminated at two different frequencies. The information‐preserving character of the relevant unitary transformation represented by the nonlinear process has been experimentally demonstrated in the cases of input qubits and ebits. The theoretical expression of the quantum efficiency of the process is compared with the experimental results. Besides its own intrinsic fundamental interest, the new scheme is expected to find important applications in modern quantum information technology.
Two quantum interferometry processes with possible significant applications in quantum information technology are presented. A two frequency Mach‐Zehnder interferometer realizes the nonlinear frequency conversion of a single photon qubit. The information‐preserving character of the nonlinear process allows to transfer the coherence of the input to the output state. Furthermore, we describe a novel high brilliance universal source of entangled photon pairs with peculiar spatial characteristics, which allows to generate two particle entangled states, either pure or mixed of any structure. By this source we have synthesized and fully characterized by quantum tomography Werner states and maximally entangled mixed states (MEMS). The non local properties of these states have been tested by Bell measurements.
By implementing a parametric down-conversion process with a strong signal field injection, we demonstrate that frequency down-conversion from pump photons to idler photons can be a coherent process. Contrary to a common misconception, we show that the process can be free of quantum noise. With an interference experiment, we demonstrate that coherence is preserved in the conversion process. This technique could lead to a high-fidelity quantum state transfer from a high-frequency photon to a low-frequency photon and connect a missing link in quantum networks. Coherent and efficient nonlinear interaction and frequency conversion are of great interest in many areas of quantum optics. Traditionally, the low efficiency of Raman scattering is improved by a high-finesse optical resonator or stimulated Raman conversion. It was recently found that the atomic spin wave initially built through electromagnetically induced transparency or a weak Raman process can actively enhance the Raman frequency conversion. An experimental demonstration of an efficient Raman conversion scheme with coherent feedback of both pump and Stokes fields is presented. The temporal profile of the generated Raman pulse shows that the coherence time of the atomic spin wave is $\sim$1.8 ms. A laser-like power threshold is observed and its low threshold is attributed to the long coherence time of the atomic spin wave. The mechanism of the conversion enhancement process is discussed and the conversion efficiency of a single pass of the beams is compared with that of double passes. Finally, a beat signal is observed between the two Stokes fields and its Fourier transform shows that the frequency difference is caused by the AC Stark effect. Precision phase measurement is traditionally restricted by the standard quantum limit. However, this limit is not as fundamental as the Heisenberg limit and can be circumvented by use of nonclassical quantum states and structure modification of the interferometers. Several examples of nonlinear interferometers are proposed and implemented. The wave propagation equations for the nonlinear interferometers are solved. The interference fringes are measured and compared with that of linear interferometers. The first nonlinear interferometer presented is based on second harmonic generation and degenerate parametric down-conversion. The second nonlinear interferometer is composed of two parametric amplifiers. The idea of nonlinear beam splitters is introduced as an analogy to traditional beam splitters. We show that a nonlinear interferometer can be built alternatively by using only one parametric amplifier. Type II phase-matched crystals can be used to increase the amplification factor. An interferometer based on a Raman amplifier is analyzed for its application to sensitive magnetic field measurement.
Optical frequency conversion provides a fundamental and important approach to manipulate light in frequency domain. In such a process, manipulating the frequency of light without changing information in other degrees of freedom of light will enable us to establish an interface between various optical systems operating in different frequency regions and have many classical and quantum applications. Here we experimentally demonstrate a frequency conversion with maintaining polarization and orbital angular momentum (OAM) by successfully upconverting various polarization-OAM composite states in a nonlinear Sagnac interferometer. Our scheme offers a new possibility for building different wave band interfaces in more degrees of freedom.