Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

The Uncertainties of the Uncertainty Principle, Part 1: Improbable Certainty and the Inconsistencies of Quantum Mechanics (a counterpoint to Feynman's Lecture)

Paulo N. Correa, Alexandra N. Correa

Published Nov 28, 2010• 1 citation
OpenAlex

Abstract

Unlike other physical theories, Aetherometry claims that the wave interference phenomena of massbound particles is caused by the diffraction of the electric waves of their kinetic energy, and not by a much misunderstood particle-wave duality. The new analytical treatment proposes that kinetic energy is captured field energy adapted to the inertial and magnetic constraints of massbound charges. The coincidence of two independent, nonclassical and nonrelativistic analyses - one inertial and the other electric - in the determination of the experimentally observed de Broglie wavelengths and momenta of electrons and massbound charges highlights the central contention that the paths of the accelerated charges in a beam are electric functions of its kinetic energy, and reflect in part the more fundamental interference properties of the underlying flux of a massfree electric field. Conversely, the interference properties of photons only directly reflect the interference properties of moving but decelerating charges. Written as an antidote to Richard Feynman's famous lecture, the present communication suggests that there is a method, after all, to count how many electrons pass through a slit, in a double-slit experiment.

Related papers

The Uncertainties of the Uncertainty Principle, Part 2: What Heisenberg missed

Paulo N. Correa, Alexandra N. Correa

The world of the quantum, which encompasses all particles of matter at rest or in motion, photons and massbound charges, is thought to be a world of uncertainty. Yet, the present communication treats the quantum as merely an invariant moment situated at the convergence of very different energy (fine-) structures and processes, all of which permit accurate measurement of particle velocities and their associated wave functions. In the aetherometric approach, a particle and its waves form an energy multiplicity. The outcome of the proposed algebraic analysis is a novel, nonclassical and nonrelativistic theory of photoinertial and electroinertial linear momenta that treats heisenberg-ian path distances as functions of the de Broglie wavelengths, and all photoinertial and electromagnetic energy events as byproducts of electrical processes. Bohr complementarity is easily avoided, once the Heisenberg Principle is demonstrated to be an erroneous interpretation of the quantum nature of the energy processes associated with massbound particles.

•Dec 28, 2010•0 citations

Induced ponderomotive fields: A classical approach to single-electron interference, the uncertainty principle, and the quantum measurement problem

Steffen Kühn

The deterministic origin of quantum mechanics remains one of the most enduring challenges in modern physics. While standard quantum theory provides a probabilistic framework for elementary particles, its underlying physical mechanism is often considered non-classical. Here we show that central features of quantum phenomena can emerge from a classical electrodynamic model where particles are treated as tightly bound composites of oscillating charge distributions. These internal oscillations transform the particle into a Hertzian dipole that emits high-frequency, coherent, classical electromagnetic waves. We demonstrate that these waves, when reflected by surrounding matter, generate ponderomotive fields that act back on the particle’s trajectory. Our simulations of electron trajectories in atomic configurations reproduce the interference and diffraction patterns characteristic of double-slit experiments, realizing a pilot-wave-like dynamics reminiscent of de Broglie’s double-solution theory. These findings suggest that wave-particle duality, the measurement problem, and the uncertainty principle may not be irreducible quantum axioms, but rather emergent properties of deterministic, classical interactions between matter and high-frequency electromagnetic fields.

•Feb 25, 2026•0 citations

Central concepts in quantum mechanics

M. Kira, S. W. Koch

In the early 1900s more and more experimental evidence was accumulated indicating that microscopic particles show wave-like properties in certain situations. These particle-wave features are very evident, e.g., in measurements where electrons are diffracted from a double slit to propagate toward a screen where they are detected. Based on the classical averaging of particles discussed in Section 1.2.2, one expects that the double slit only modulates the overall intensity, not the spatial distribution. Experimentally, however, one observes a nearly perfect interference pattern at the screen implying that the electrons exhibit wave averaging features such as discussed in Section 2.1.2. This behavior, originally unexpected for particle beams, persists even if the experiment is repeated such that only one electron at a time passes the double slit before it propagates to the detection screen. Thus, the wave aspect must be an inherent property of individual electrons and not an ensemble effect. Another, independent argument for the failure of classical physics is that the electromagnetic analysis of atoms leads to the conclusion that the negatively charged electron(s) should collapse into the positively charged ion because the electron–ion system loses its energy due to the emission of radiation. As we will see, this problem can be solved by including the wave aspects of particles into the analysis. In particular, as discussed in Section 2.3.3, waves can never be localized to a point without increasing their momentum and energy beyond bounds.

Cambridge University Press eBooks•Nov 17, 2011•0 citations

Unlocking the Mystery of Interference Patterns in Electron and Photon Double-Slit Experiments and the Puzzle of ‘Waves Without Medium’

Henok Tadesse

The formidable problem with double-slit experiments is: if electrons and photons exhibit wave properties (seen as interference patterns), then what is waving? What is the medium for transmission of ‘electron waves’? Such a medium has been disproved experimentally, in the case of the photon, and not even conceivable for the electron. Erwin Schrodinger was on the right track with his view of the electron as a ‘smeared’ object, rather than as a point particle. Then how is a wave possible without a medium? How can a wave property and a particle property co-exist in a single physical entity (wave- particle duality)? Nature uses a simple and subtle trick : the average electron mass density at a given region of space is directly proportional to the root mean square (RMS) intensity of oscillation (velocity) of the electron (the electron wave) in that region. The instantaneous mass density of the electron at a given point is directly proportional to the instantaneous magnitude of vibrational velocity of the electron at that point. The average photon energy density in a given region of space is directly proportional to the root mean square of rate of change of the electric and magnetic fields in that region. The instantaneous energy density of the photon at a given point of space and time is directly proportional to the magnitude of rate of change of the electric and magnetic fields at that point. The rate of change of electric and magnetic fields in turn depends on the frequency, amplitude and phase of the wave. The electron mass and photon energy will always be concentrated at regions of high wave amplitude. This means that the electron and the photon are dragged by their respective waves. The new theory provides a hint on the mystery behind Planck’s relation: E=h.f. Higher frequency photons have higher energy than lower frequency photons just because higher frequency photons also have higher amplitudes of electric and magnetic field oscillations. If we assume that ordinary waves also have the same fundamental properties as electron waves, then we may be able to explain the lack of backward propagation in Huygens’ principle. We may be able to explain why the bouncing oil droplet in the Couder-Fort oil bath experiment starts to go in the direction of the wave propagation.

•Nov 1, 2014•0 citations

Wave-Particle Duality

Reinhold A. Bertlmann, Nicolai Friis

Abstract This chapter examines some crucial experiments and basic principles of quantum mechanics that have strongly influenced the development of quantum theory in its modern form: starting from Planck’s law of black-body radiation and its derivation using the quantization of energy; Einstein’s photon hypothesis for the puzzle presented by the photoelectric effect and its test via the Millikan experiment; the Compton effect; Bohr’s theses for the structure of the hydrogen atom and the complementarity of waves and particles i.e., the wave-particle duality, culminating in de Broglie’s ideas for matter waves and their confirmation in the Davisson-Germer experiment for electron diffraction from a crystal; Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle for position and momentum as well as for energy an time; the famous double-slit experiment and Born’s probability interpretation, and finally the provocative thought experiment of Schrödinger’s cat

•Sep 7, 2023•0 citations

First observation of antimatter wave interference

A. Ariga, Antonio Ereditato, R. Ferragut +5 more

In 1924 Louis de Broglie introduced the concept of wave-particle duality: the Planck constant $h$ relates the momentum $p$ of a massive particle to its de Broglie wavelength $λ=h/p$. The superposition principle is one of the main postulates of quantum mechanics; diffraction and interference phenomena are therefore predicted and have been observed on objects of increasing complexity, from electrons to neutrons and molecules. Beyond the early electron diffraction experiments, the demonstration of single-electron double-slit-like interference was a highly sought-after result. Initially proposed by Richard Feynman as a thought experiment it was finally carried out in 1976. A few years later, positron diffraction was first observed. However, an analog of the double-slit experiment has not been performed to date on any system containing antimatter. Here we present the first observation of matter wave interference of single positrons, by using a period-magnifying Talbot-Lau interferometer based on material diffraction gratings. Individual positrons in the 8-14 keV energy range from a monochromatic beam were detected by high-resolution nuclear emulsions. The observed energy dependence of fringe contrast proves the quantum-mechanical origin of the detected periodic pattern and excludes classical projective effects. Talbot-Lau interferometers are well-suited to the experimental challenges posed by low intensity antimatter beams and represent a promising option for measuring the gravitational acceleration of neutral antimatter.

arXiv:1808.08901•Aug 27, 2018•0 citations
Unlike other physical theories, Aetherometry claims that the wave interference phenomena of massbound particles is caused by the diffraction of the electric waves of their kinetic energy, and not by a much misunderstood particle-wave duality. The new analytical treatment proposes that kinetic energy is captured field energy adapted to the inertial and magnetic constraints of massbound charges. The coincidence of two independent, nonclassical and nonrelativistic analyses - one inertial and the other electric - in the determination of the experimentally observed de Broglie wavelengths and momenta of electrons and massbound charges highlights the central contention that the paths of the accelerated charges in a beam are electric functions of its kinetic energy, and reflect in part the more fundamental interference properties of the underlying flux of a massfree electric field. Conversely, the interference properties of photons only directly reflect the interference properties of moving but decelerating charges. Written as an antidote to Richard Feynman's famous lecture, the present communication suggests that there is a method, after all, to count how many electrons pass through a slit, in a double-slit experiment.
The world of the quantum, which encompasses all particles of matter at rest or in motion, photons and massbound charges, is thought to be a world of uncertainty. Yet, the present communication treats the quantum as merely an invariant moment situated at the convergence of very different energy (fine-) structures and processes, all of which permit accurate measurement of particle velocities and their associated wave functions. In the aetherometric approach, a particle and its waves form an energy multiplicity. The outcome of the proposed algebraic analysis is a novel, nonclassical and nonrelativistic theory of photoinertial and electroinertial linear momenta that treats heisenberg-ian path distances as functions of the de Broglie wavelengths, and all photoinertial and electromagnetic energy events as byproducts of electrical processes. Bohr complementarity is easily avoided, once the Heisenberg Principle is demonstrated to be an erroneous interpretation of the quantum nature of the energy processes associated with massbound particles.
The deterministic origin of quantum mechanics remains one of the most enduring challenges in modern physics. While standard quantum theory provides a probabilistic framework for elementary particles, its underlying physical mechanism is often considered non-classical. Here we show that central features of quantum phenomena can emerge from a classical electrodynamic model where particles are treated as tightly bound composites of oscillating charge distributions. These internal oscillations transform the particle into a Hertzian dipole that emits high-frequency, coherent, classical electromagnetic waves. We demonstrate that these waves, when reflected by surrounding matter, generate ponderomotive fields that act back on the particle’s trajectory. Our simulations of electron trajectories in atomic configurations reproduce the interference and diffraction patterns characteristic of double-slit experiments, realizing a pilot-wave-like dynamics reminiscent of de Broglie’s double-solution theory. These findings suggest that wave-particle duality, the measurement problem, and the uncertainty principle may not be irreducible quantum axioms, but rather emergent properties of deterministic, classical interactions between matter and high-frequency electromagnetic fields.
In the early 1900s more and more experimental evidence was accumulated indicating that microscopic particles show wave-like properties in certain situations. These particle-wave features are very evident, e.g., in measurements where electrons are diffracted from a double slit to propagate toward a screen where they are detected. Based on the classical averaging of particles discussed in Section 1.2.2, one expects that the double slit only modulates the overall intensity, not the spatial distribution. Experimentally, however, one observes a nearly perfect interference pattern at the screen implying that the electrons exhibit wave averaging features such as discussed in Section 2.1.2. This behavior, originally unexpected for particle beams, persists even if the experiment is repeated such that only one electron at a time passes the double slit before it propagates to the detection screen. Thus, the wave aspect must be an inherent property of individual electrons and not an ensemble effect. Another, independent argument for the failure of classical physics is that the electromagnetic analysis of atoms leads to the conclusion that the negatively charged electron(s) should collapse into the positively charged ion because the electron–ion system loses its energy due to the emission of radiation. As we will see, this problem can be solved by including the wave aspects of particles into the analysis. In particular, as discussed in Section 2.3.3, waves can never be localized to a point without increasing their momentum and energy beyond bounds.
The formidable problem with double-slit experiments is: if electrons and photons exhibit wave properties (seen as interference patterns), then what is waving? What is the medium for transmission of ‘electron waves’? Such a medium has been disproved experimentally, in the case of the photon, and not even conceivable for the electron. Erwin Schrodinger was on the right track with his view of the electron as a ‘smeared’ object, rather than as a point particle. Then how is a wave possible without a medium? How can a wave property and a particle property co-exist in a single physical entity (wave- particle duality)? Nature uses a simple and subtle trick : the average electron mass density at a given region of space is directly proportional to the root mean square (RMS) intensity of oscillation (velocity) of the electron (the electron wave) in that region. The instantaneous mass density of the electron at a given point is directly proportional to the instantaneous magnitude of vibrational velocity of the electron at that point. The average photon energy density in a given region of space is directly proportional to the root mean square of rate of change of the electric and magnetic fields in that region. The instantaneous energy density of the photon at a given point of space and time is directly proportional to the magnitude of rate of change of the electric and magnetic fields at that point. The rate of change of electric and magnetic fields in turn depends on the frequency, amplitude and phase of the wave. The electron mass and photon energy will always be concentrated at regions of high wave amplitude. This means that the electron and the photon are dragged by their respective waves. The new theory provides a hint on the mystery behind Planck’s relation: E=h.f. Higher frequency photons have higher energy than lower frequency photons just because higher frequency photons also have higher amplitudes of electric and magnetic field oscillations. If we assume that ordinary waves also have the same fundamental properties as electron waves, then we may be able to explain the lack of backward propagation in Huygens’ principle. We may be able to explain why the bouncing oil droplet in the Couder-Fort oil bath experiment starts to go in the direction of the wave propagation.
Abstract This chapter examines some crucial experiments and basic principles of quantum mechanics that have strongly influenced the development of quantum theory in its modern form: starting from Planck’s law of black-body radiation and its derivation using the quantization of energy; Einstein’s photon hypothesis for the puzzle presented by the photoelectric effect and its test via the Millikan experiment; the Compton effect; Bohr’s theses for the structure of the hydrogen atom and the complementarity of waves and particles i.e., the wave-particle duality, culminating in de Broglie’s ideas for matter waves and their confirmation in the Davisson-Germer experiment for electron diffraction from a crystal; Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle for position and momentum as well as for energy an time; the famous double-slit experiment and Born’s probability interpretation, and finally the provocative thought experiment of Schrödinger’s cat
In 1924 Louis de Broglie introduced the concept of wave-particle duality: the Planck constant hhh relates the momentum ppp of a massive particle to its de Broglie wavelength λ=h/pλ=h/pλ=h/p. The superposition principle is one of the main postulates of quantum mechanics; diffraction and interference phenomena are therefore predicted and have been observed on objects of increasing complexity, from electrons to neutrons and molecules. Beyond the early electron diffraction experiments, the demonstration of single-electron double-slit-like interference was a highly sought-after result. Initially proposed by Richard Feynman as a thought experiment it was finally carried out in 1976. A few years later, positron diffraction was first observed. However, an analog of the double-slit experiment has not been performed to date on any system containing antimatter. Here we present the first observation of matter wave interference of single positrons, by using a period-magnifying Talbot-Lau interferometer based on material diffraction gratings. Individual positrons in the 8-14 keV energy range from a monochromatic beam were detected by high-resolution nuclear emulsions. The observed energy dependence of fringe contrast proves the quantum-mechanical origin of the detected periodic pattern and excludes classical projective effects. Talbot-Lau interferometers are well-suited to the experimental challenges posed by low intensity antimatter beams and represent a promising option for measuring the gravitational acceleration of neutral antimatter.