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Journal of Lightwave Technology

Dy-doped chlorides as gain media for 1.3 μm telecommunications amplifiers

Ralph H. Page, Kathleen I. Schaffers, S.A. Payne, W.F. Krupke

Published May 1, 1997• 52 citations

Abstract

We propose that Dy/sup 3+/-doped chloride crystals be considered as candidates for amplification of the 1.3 /spl mu/m signal used by the telecommunications network. While several of these types of crystals can provide gain at the specified operating wavelength of 1.31 /spl mu/m, and furthermore offer adequate bandwidth, we have focused our attention on LaCl/sub 3/:Dy as an illustrative case to explore in greater depth. Spectroscopic measurements were made on un-oriented samples of this material; excited-state lifetimes and LaCl/sub 3/:Dy/sup 3+/ Judd-Ofelt parameters are reported. Wavelength-resolved absorption and emission cross sections are presented for the 1.3 /spl mu/m W/spl rlhar2/Z band. Pump-probe measurements (using 0.92 /spl mu/m and 1.32 /spl mu/m, respectively) prove that the observed gain properties of LaCl/sub 3/:Dy are consistent with those predicted on the basis of the spectroscopic cross sections. The Dy:chloride gain media appear to have fundamental optical characteristics amenable to superior 1.3 /spl mu/m telecom amplifier performance, although many fabrication issues would have to be addressed to produce a practical amplifier.

DOI: 10.1109/50.580816

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We propose that Dy/sup 3+/-doped chloride crystals be considered as candidates for amplification of the 1.3 /spl mu/m signal used by the telecommunications network. While several of these types of crystals can provide gain at the specified operating wavelength of 1.31 /spl mu/m, and furthermore offer adequate bandwidth, we have focused our attention on LaCl/sub 3/:Dy as an illustrative case to explore in greater depth. Spectroscopic measurements were made on un-oriented samples of this material; excited-state lifetimes and LaCl/sub 3/:Dy/sup 3+/ Judd-Ofelt parameters are reported. Wavelength-resolved absorption and emission cross sections are presented for the 1.3 /spl mu/m W/spl rlhar2/Z band. Pump-probe measurements (using 0.92 /spl mu/m and 1.32 /spl mu/m, respectively) prove that the observed gain properties of LaCl/sub 3/:Dy are consistent with those predicted on the basis of the spectroscopic cross sections. The Dy:chloride gain media appear to have fundamental optical characteristics amenable to superior 1.3 /spl mu/m telecom amplifier performance, although many fabrication issues would have to be addressed to produce a practical amplifier.

A complete experimental and theoretical study of rare earth doped fiber-optic amplifiers for the first tele-communication window has been made. The thulium doped fluoride fiber amplifier is shown to provide amplification in the 800nm-820nm signal region. A complete steady state theoretical model has been presented and the model has been experimentally verified. The model predicts the gain, noise figure and the amplified spontaneous emission in the 800nm, 1470nm, 1900nm and 2300nm bands. The effect of population trapping at the

\\sp3F\\sb4

energy level of thulium ion is also shown with the help of the model. It has been shown that about 5-15%o of the population is trapped at the

\\sp3F\\sb4

energy level. We have also shown theoretically, the expected gain and noise performance of Thulium doped fluoride fiber amplifiers pumped in the 680nm absorption band. The maximum gain at 806nm is slightly lower than with comparable 780 nm pumping. The gain bandwidth is however found to increase with 680nm pumping. The higher ASE at shorter wavelengths ($<$806nm) reduces the gain at the peak wavelength (806nm). This is a result of the better inversion with three level pumping at 680nm as compared to two level resonant pumping at 780nm. We report an efficient single mode erbium doped flouride fiber amplifier in the 850nm signal band for the first time. The amplification is through an up-conversion process. The erbium doped flouride fiber amplifier was pumped with an estimated pump power of 35mW at 792nm. We have also considered a theoretical model for a single mode erbium doped fluoride fiber amplifier. Efficient amplification occurs because of the strong excited state absorption at the pump wavelength from the

\\sp4I\\sb{13/2}

energy level.

The inhomogeneous behavior of the 1.06 /spl mu/m-neodymium transitions in doped optical fibers have been investigated, using the fluorescence line narrowing technique, pumping on the /sup 4/F/sub 3/2/ and /sup 4/F/sub 5/2/ sublevels at 4 K. Each observed transition has been identified. As the pump wavelength varies, the shift of the main fluorescence line is 40 nm, with the two pumping levels. We have studied the spectral behavior of the superfluorescence as a function of the pump wavelength, the temperature, and the absorbed power. The spectral evolution depends on /spl lambda//sub p/ with 19 nm-tuning range at low temperature. At 300 K, the quasihomogeneous behavior of the transition decreases the tunability to 14 nm. Based on these results, we present a simple technique permitting precise prediction of gain and spectral line shapes of superfluorescent Nd-doped fiber sources.>