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Journal of the Optical Society of America B

Greatly reduced threshold power of optical bistability by using asymmetrical lineshape cavity

Lei Dai, Chun Jiang

Published Mar 26, 2009• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A photonic crystal waveguide-cavity structure with a partially reflecting element is exploited to achieve optical bistability. Analysis of the theoretical model and validation of the numerical simulation indicate that this structure shows an asymmetrical lineshape and a novel switching characteristic, with the nonlinear transmission power varying sharply in a very narrow linewidth range. The characteristic power can be decreased from 6.35 mW/μm of the symmetrical lineshape to 0.604 mW/μm of the asymmetrical one. Through the study of the quality factor of the cavity, the results show that the lower switch power of an asymmetrical lineshape is essentially due to the increased Q-factor, which causes more and more energy to be stored in the cavity.

DOI
10.1364/josab.26.000805

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A photonic crystal waveguide-cavity structure with a partially reflecting element is exploited to achieve optical bistability. Analysis of the theoretical model and validation of the numerical simulation indicate that this structure shows an asymmetrical lineshape and a novel switching characteristic, with the nonlinear transmission power varying sharply in a very narrow linewidth range. The characteristic power can be decreased from 6.35 mW/μm of the symmetrical lineshape to 0.604 mW/μm of the asymmetrical one. Through the study of the quality factor of the cavity, the results show that the lower switch power of an asymmetrical lineshape is essentially due to the increased Q-factor, which causes more and more energy to be stored in the cavity.
We study theoretically and numerically optical bistability in photonic crystal waveguide-cavity system with cavity holding multipole mode patterns. The elimination of dominant component of the radiation in cavity can reduce dramatically the scattering of light by cavity and can be used to achieve bistability at band edge. Numerical results performed by the finite-difference time-domain method indicate that the switch power can be reduced greatly that can be regarded as the improvement of quality-factor in cavity.
We designed and manufactured an optical bistability waveguide device based on nonlinear one-dimensional photonic crystal used CdS_xSe_(1-x) doped glass. This kind of semiconductor doped glass has large nonlinear refractive index and nonlinear fast response time. The distribution of refractive index of the nonlinear one-dimensional photonic crystal waveguide satisfies sine function. We obtained the nonlinear photonic crystal waveguide by exposure holography and etching techniques. Length of the photonic crystal waveguide is about 3 mm. The height of the peak-groove of the waveguide is 0.1 μm. According to our design, the center of bandgap of the one-dimensional photonic crystal lies at 514.5 nm while the power density of the incident light, the incident light was reflected by the photonic crystal. When the power density of the incident light increasing, the bandgap is shifting to the direc-tion of short wavelength due to the decreasing of the refractive index with the increasing of the incident power density, so more incident light is transmitted. In experiment, we used an active mode-locking pulse of Ar ion laser as the light source which wavelength is 514.5 nm, repeating frequency is 82 MHz and pulse width is 200 ps. The light beam was coupled into the device by prism with a laser average power of 1.28 W (in the case of nonlinear saturation operation, optimum coupling efficiency is about 6%). Pulse wave forms of incident light and transmitted from sample were recorded in turn by 7 904 oscilloscope. The optical bistability curve of input power density and output one is fitted by computer. We obtained the threshold power density of bistable switch to be 1.60×10~5 W/cm~2 (it is equivalent to average power of 77 mW) and both the rise and fall time are 63 ps. We used the Finite Difference Time Domain Method to obtain the characteristics of the bandgap shift with the incident power density increasing of the nonlinear photonic crystal and calculate the optical bistability curve of this device. In theory, the threshold power density of bistable switch is about 1.40×10~5 W/cm~2 and the switch time is about 50 ps. The theoretical results agree well with the experimental ones. This device is a new and feasible one for optical information process and optical computing in the future.
We analyze the resonant transmission of light through a photonic-crystal waveguide side coupled to a Kerr nonlinear cavity, and demonstrate how to design the structure geometry for achieving bistability and all-optical switching at ultralow powers in the slow-light regime. We show that the resonance quality factor in such structures scales inversely proportional to the group velocity of light at the resonant frequency and thus grows indefinitely in the slow-light regime. Accordingly, the power threshold required for all-optical switching in such structures scales as a square of the group velocity, rapidly vanishing in the slow-light regime.
We demonstrate extremely low-power all-optical bistability by using photonic crystal linear resonators based on InGaAsP quantum-wells. Since the photonic crystal cavity has a high quality-factor and a small mode-volume, the photon density in the cavity is extremely high, which makes it possible to reduce the bistable power. The measured minimum bistable threshold power was 37 muW by using a fiber coupling technique, and the estimated nonlinear refractive index (n2) was -6.84times10-14m2/W at a wavelength of 1610.8 nm which is near the resonant wavelength of quantum-well. The low-power optical bistable operations in a single photonic crystal cavity open the possibility of integrated optical devices such as an all-optical memory and switch, based on photonic crystals
We demonstrate a low power thermally induced optical bistability at telecom wavelengths and room temperature using a nanobeam photonic crystal cavity embedded with an ensemble of quantum dots. The nanobeam photonic crystal cavity is transfer-printed onto the edge of a carrier chip for thermal isolation of the cavity with an efficient optical coupling between the nanobeam waveguide and optical setup. Reflectivity measurements performed with a tunable laser reveal the thermo-optic nature of the nonlinearity. A bistability power threshold as low as 23 μW and an on/off response contrast of 6.02 dB are achieved from a cavity with a moderately low quality factor of 2830. Our device provides optical bistability at power levels an order of magnitude lower than previous quantum-dot-based devices.