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Physical review. B, Condensed matter

Spin exchange and dipolar relaxation rates in atomic hydrogen: Lifetimes in magnetic traps

Ad Lagendijk, Isaac F. Silvera, BOUDEWIJN J. VERHAAR

Published Jan 1, 1986• 68 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We have rigorously calculated all the possible two-body rate constants associated with population dynamics of the hyperfine levels of atomic hydrogen as a function of magnetic field at T=0 K. These results are important in view of the recently suggested use of magnetic traps to obtain Bose-Einstein condensation.
DOI
10.1103/physrevb.33.626

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We predict and analyze non-trivial relaxational behavior of magnetically trapped gases near the Bose condensation temperature T c . Due to strong compression of the condensate by the inhomogeneous trapping field, particularly at low densities, the relaxation rate shows a strong, almost jump wise, increase below T c . As a consequence the maximum fraction of condensate particles is limited to a few percent. This phenomenon can be called a “relaxation explosion”. We discuss its implications for the detectability of BEC in atomic hydrogen. Magnetostatic traps offer the possibility to study gases of Bose particles in the truly dilute limit, and have proved particularly fruitful [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] in the study of atomic hydrogen (H). In these traps, proposed for H by Hess [6], the effective elimination of physical boundaries is accomplished by creating a magnetic field minimum in free space. This minimum forms a potential well for electron spin-up polarized atoms (H↑), called low-field seekers. The occurrence of Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC) in such systems introduces qualitatively different behavior from the case of a homogeneous Bose gas. This is related to the explosive increase of the dipolar relaxation rate associated with the strong compression of the condensate in an external potential.