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IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity

A Distributed Lumped-Element SIS Mixer With Very Wide Instantaneous Bandwidth

Edward Tong, R. Blundell, Koko G. Megerian, J. A. Stern, S.-K. Pan, M.W. Pospieszalski

Published Jun 1, 2005• 18 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A novel type of distributed superconducting mixer with very low output capacitance has been designed for a 330-420 GHz waveguide mixer. In this design, a pair of lumped element Superconductor-Insulator-Superconductor junctions is connected in series to form the unit cell of a composite transmission line. The mixer utilizes two cascaded cells. Using an intermediate frequency (IF) of 5 GHz, we have measured Double-side-band (DSB) receiver noise temperatures of 90-120 K between 360 and 410 GHz. This mixer design offers very wide instantaneous bandwidth. The measured IF bandwidth is in excess of 18 GHz. At a Local Oscillator frequency of 384 GHz, the Y-factor measured at an IF frequency of 18 GHz is 2.1, compared to a Y-factor of 2.2 measured at an IF of 5 GHz. The mixer also has a high dynamic range. The 1-dB input compression point is only reached with an input black body load of 30,000 K.

DOI
10.1109/tasc.2005.849885

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Abstract We developed a low-noise, compact, balanced superconductor–insulator–superconductor (SIS) mixer, operating in the 787–950 GHz radio frequency range. A waveguide mixer block was designed to integrate all the key components, such as a radio frequency (RF) 90° hybrid coupler, two identical SIS mixer chips, bias-tees, and an intermediate frequency power-combiner. The RF waveguide 90° hybrid coupler consists of branch lines with wide slots optimized by numerical simulation, for ease of fabrication. The balanced mixer was installed into a cartridge type receiver, originally developed for the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array Band 10 (787–950 GHz). The receiver demonstrated double sideband noise temperatures of approximately 200 K for most of the band, without any correction for loss in front of the receiver. The local oscillator noise rejection ratio was estimated to be more than 15 dB within the measured frequency range.
A Superconductor-Insulator-Superconductor (SIS) distributed mixer with no integrated tuning circuit has been designed for use in a fixed-tuned waveguide mixer block. This mixer employs two half-wave SIS resonators connected in series across the feed point of the waveguide circuit. By selecting appropriate dimensions for the resonators, we can obtain proper impedance matching over a reasonable input bandwidth. Since there is no lossy thin film microstrip line in front of the SIS junction, efficient power transfer from the waveguide feed to the mixer element can be achieved. A receiver noise temperature of 185 K at 650 GHz has been measured with a dual 0.33/spl times/16.8 /spl mu/m SIS resonator. The noise temperature remains below 300 K over an input bandwidth of about 10%. This design can be used at much higher frequency where the loss of tuning circuit becomes significant.
This paper presents design and performance data for a 100-GHz waveguide superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) mixer, which is incorporated with a twin-junction device (i.e., two identical junctions connected in parallel through a tuning inductance) and a fixed-tuned broad-band waveguide mixer mount. The 100-GHz mixer is actually developed as a prototype of the 500-GHz one. The constructed 100-GHz SIS receiver results in an overall receiver noise temperature (DSB) of less than 40 K over the frequency range from 80-120 GHz, with a minimum value of just 20 K that is four times as large as the quantum limit (i.e., 4/spl planck//spl omega//k). Such a performance is comparable or even superior to those of the best mechanically tunable waveguide SIS receivers at the same frequency band. In addition, some interesting mixing behaviors related to this two-junction device are described in detail.
A 230 GHz Superconductor-Insulator-Superconductor (SIS) mixer is designed focusing on a good performance in the IF frequency range of 4–16 GHz over the RF band from 211 to 275 GHz. A transition from a full-height waveguide to a probe is designed using HFSS. The mixer chips containing SIS junctions are designed and optimized to have low total capacitance of circuits to ensure wide IF bandwidth. The chip fabrication was done in Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics (ASIAA), where the masks were conducted by TSMC. A lab test was conducted on a superconducting mixer with a cryogenic dewar. The gap voltage in the I-V curve of the mixer is approximately 8 mV, and there is a clear nonlinearity around a current of 110 μA, which matches well with the simulation. The receiver noise temperature is approximately 60 K including optical losses and the noise from the RF input.
We present the design and the performance of a fixed-tuned, all niobium (Nb) Superconductor-Insulator-Superconductor (SIS) mixer covering RF frequencies from 163 to 211 GHz with 4-8 GHz IF bandwidth. The mixer uses two Nb/Al-AlOx/Nb junctions of size 3 μm2each with theRnAproduct of 30 Ω·μm2, in a twin junction configuration. An local oscillator (LO) directional coupler made of superconducting lines with slots in the ground plane is integrated on the SIS mixer chip. The isolated port of the LO coupler is terminated using a wide-band resistive load with a sheet resistance of 12 Ω/□. The SIS tuning circuitry is optimized to achieve best power match between the twin junctions and the embedding circuitry. The measurement of the double sideband mixer noise at 171 GHz shows that the receiver noise temperature is approximately 17 K, which is just 2hf/k. The estimated noise contribution from the RF loss and the IF chain at 176 GHz LO frequency is 8 K and 7.5 K respectively, resulting in a SIS mixer noise ofhf/2k. The mixer noise performance across the entire RF band varies between 19 to 25 K. This is to our knowledge the best reported noise temperature at these frequencies till now.