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Journal of the Optical Society of America B

Ac Stark shifts in a two-zone Raman interaction

Philip Hemmer, M. S. Shahriar, V. D. Natoli, Shaoul Ezekiel

Published Aug 1, 1989• 83 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We have measured the ac Stark effect in a two-zone stimulated Raman interaction in a sodium atomic beam. In addition, we have derived simple theoretical expressions for the ac Stark shift, based on a closed three-level system, in the Λ configuration, and have achieved qualitative agreement with the data. In particular, the magnitude and sense of the ac Stark shifts are found to depend on laser intensities as well as on the initial populations of the two low-lying levels of the Λ configuration. Specifically, the observed ac Stark shifts are smaller for larger laser intensities and also for smaller initial population differences between the two low-lying levels. The ac Stark effect must be considered for many potential applications of the Raman effect, such as a Raman clock. In this connection, we have identified conditions for the reduction of the ac Stark shift in our sodium Raman clock.

DOI
10.1364/josab.6.001519

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We have measured the ac Stark effect in a two-zone stimulated Raman interaction in a sodium atomic beam. In addition, we have derived simple theoretical expressions for the ac Stark shift, based on a closed three-level system, in the Λ configuration, and have achieved qualitative agreement with the data. In particular, the magnitude and sense of the ac Stark shifts are found to depend on laser intensities as well as on the initial populations of the two low-lying levels of the Λ configuration. Specifically, the observed ac Stark shifts are smaller for larger laser intensities and also for smaller initial population differences between the two low-lying levels. The ac Stark effect must be considered for many potential applications of the Raman effect, such as a Raman clock. In this connection, we have identified conditions for the reduction of the ac Stark shift in our sodium Raman clock.
For the two-photon ac Stark effect in Raman-Ramsey configuration, such as the Raman clock, and pulsed CPT clock configuration, an interference phenomenon of two-photon ac Stark effect is predicted. Here we report this new physical phenomenon, the interference of two-photon ac Stark effect in two-zone Raman-Ramsey interactions, which is general in any Raman-Ramsey spectroscopy. In particular, for an atomic beam Raman clock configuration, the ac Stark shift will present an interference fringe caused by the separated oscillatory-field interaction when the shift fields interact with atoms at two zones. On the center of dispersion shape of normal ac-Stark shift, an interference pattern appeared when the scale of frequency detuning is expanded.
By means of adiabatically eliminating the upper level or levels of a \ensuremath{\Lambda}-configuration atom coupling to a two-mode quantized field, we have studied the influences of ac Stark shifts on the atomic coherent population trapping in two important atom-field coupling systems via nondegenerate Raman two-photon processes. The states of the field that trap the atom in its two nondegenerate lower levels are obtained, and the important roles of ac Stark shifts and properties of the atomic upper level or levels in the states of the trapping field in two Raman-coupling systems are also analyzed.
Atomic mirrors and beam splitters based on adiabatic following by delayed laser pulses in a three-level Raman configuration are analyzed. We show that in a pure three-level system of two ground states and one excited state, laser pulses tuned precisely on resonance with the excited state do not produce any accumulated phase shifts due to ac Stark shifts even if the process is nonadiabatic. A numerical simulation suggests that multiple delayed laser pulses are attractive for precision interferometry since high transfer efficiencies (up to 98.7% per pulse for the cesium D1 line) and low ac Stark shifts are expected. A possible application to optical two-photon spectroscopy for an optical clock is discussed.
This study reports on the ac Stark effect of nitric oxide electron-vibration (vibronic) levels dressed by an intense, bichromatic laser field. The aims of the work are to make quantitative measurements of the magnitude of the ac Stark shift of vibrational levels connected by the A 2 Σ + ← X 2 Π 1/2 transition and to map out the cycle-averaged level separation during the Stark field. In pump–probe experiments at intensities up to 30 TW cm −2 , the ac Stark shift of the A 2 Σ + v A = 2 ← X 2 Π 1/2 v X = 0 transition is found to be Δ ( S ) 2←0 (800 nm) = 0.34 ± 0.05 U p , where U p is the ponderomotive energy. By varying the time delay between component fields, the time dependence of the population in the A 2 Σ + v A = 2 state is mapped out under different intensity conditions. Fluorescence monitoring of the upper level serves to identify the Stark-shifted transition and reveals that real population remains in the upper level after interacting with the short-pulse laser fields. Semiclassical calculations of NO irradiated by a bichromatic field indicate the direction of the A 2 Σ + and X 2 Π 1/2 level shifts and show that the population promoted to and retained in the A 2 Σ + state is determined predominantly by intra-Rydberg state interactions rather than by multiphoton loss processes. The calculations also indicate that the magnitude of the ac Stark effect of the A 2 Σ + ← X 2 Π 1/2 transition depends on the spatial orientation of the molecule with respect to the linear polarization sense of the applied laser field.
In this paper we develop a three-element vector model to describe the stimulated Raman interaction in a \ensuremath{\Lambda} system. This model is valid over the range of interaction energies for which the excited state follows the ground states adiabatically. We use the model to present simple physical interpretations of the generation of Raman-Ramsey fringes in a separated field excitation, the ac Stark shift in the Raman clock, the ultrahigh-resolution mapping of microwave phase using Raman probes, and the coherent transfer of population by adiabatic passage for atomic beam splitters. The expressions for observables are derived by inspection and agree quantitatively with published experimental results.