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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

The Neutrosophic Logic View to Schr\"{o}dinger Cat Paradox, Revisited

Florentín Smarandache, Vic Christianto

Published Mar 17, 2010• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

The present article discusses Neutrosophic logic view to Schr¨odinger’s cat paradox.We argue that this paradox involves some degree of indeterminacy (unknown) whichNeutrosophic logic can take into consideration, whereas other methods including Fuzzylogic cannot. To make this proposition clear, we revisit our previous paper by o eringan illustration using modified coin tossing problem, known as Parrondo’s game.

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The present article discusses Neutrosophic logic view to Schr¨odinger’s cat paradox.We argue that this paradox involves some degree of indeterminacy (unknown) whichNeutrosophic logic can take into consideration, whereas other methods including Fuzzylogic cannot. To make this proposition clear, we revisit our previous paper by o eringan illustration using modified coin tossing problem, known as Parrondo’s game.
This article discusses Neutrosophic Logic interpretation of the Schrodinger’s cat paradox. We argue that this paradox involves some degree of indeterminacy (unknown) which Neutrosophic Logic could take into consideration, whereas other methods including Fuzzy Logic could not. For a balanced discussion, other interpretations have also been discussed. 1 Schr¨ odinger equation As already known, Schr¨ odinger equation is the most used equation to describe non-relativistic quantum systems. Its relativistic version was developed by Klein-Gordon and Dirac, but Schr¨
In this paper one generalizes the classical probability and imprecise probability to the notion of "neutrosophic probability" in order to be able to model Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle of a particle's behavior, Schr"dinger's Cat Theory, and the state of bosons which do not obey Pauli's Exclusion Principle (in quantum physics). Neutrosophic probability is close related to neutrosophic logic and neutrosophic set, and etymologically derived from "neutrosophy".
The resolutions to the paradox of Schrödinger’s cat engendered by three major perspectives on quantum mechanics—quantum logic, the many worlds interpretation, and the Copenhagen interpretation—are discussed. The core of each perspective is revealed in the process. Each resolution to Schrödinger’s cat has a counterpart which solves the logical paradox known as the unexpected hanging. The rather striking parallels serve to emphasize several points. First, the quantum paradox is an epistemological and not a physical one. Second, the three interpretations mentioned, unlike some others, are faithful to this understanding. And third, the pitfalls in these two paradoxes have a somewhat universal character.
Abstract In this paper we re-investigate the core of Schrödinger’s “cat paradox”. We argue that one has to distinguish clearly between superpositions of macroscopic cat states |☺〉 + |☹〉 and superpositions of entangled states |☺, ↑〉 + |☹, ↓〉 which comprise both the state of the cat (☺=alive, ☹=dead) and the radioactive substance (↑=not decayed, ↓=decayed). It is shown, that in the case of the cat experiment recourse to decoherence or other mechanisms is not necessary in order to explain the absence of macroscopic superpositions. Additionally, we present modified versions of two quantum optical experiments as experimenta crucis. Applied rigorously, quantum mechanical formalism reduces the problem to a mere pseudo-paradox.
Quantum mechanics reveals a reality where uncertainty is not merely epistemic but ontological, challenging classical logics that rely on determinacy. We introduce neutrosophic logic as a novel framework to formalise this intrinsic indeterminacy. Unlike probability or fuzzy systems, neutrosophy treats truth (T), falsity (F), and indeterminacy (I) as independent dimensions, enabling a richer representation of quantum superposition, entanglement, and measurement collapse. We show that neutrosophic triplets capture the undefined yet real state of qubits before observation and provide a coherent description of entangled correlations beyond probabilistic models. This approach offers a unifying formalism that accommodates both structural indeterminacy and outcome probabilities, bridging foundational debates in quantum theory with practical advances in quantum computation and information science. By explicitly integrating indeterminacy into mathematical modelling, neutrosophy advances our understanding of quantum reality and suggests new avenues for experimental validation and quantum technology design.